11. When the building is completed, and when, in accordance with the

Act of Congress, the charge of the National Museum is given to the Smithsonian Institution, other assistants will be required. * * * * * The first memoir of the proper character presented after the adoption of the foregoing plan of organization, was the one which occupies the present volume. It was submitted in accordance with the rule adopted, to a commission of examination, consisting of a committee of the members of the American Ethnological Society, and on the favorable report of this committee and the responsibility of the Society, the memoir was accepted for publication. The following is the correspondence which took place on the occasion. CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. CHILLICOTHE, OHIO, «May» 15, 1847. DEAR SIR:—It is proposed in the recognized plan of organization of the Smithsonian Institution, of which you are the executive officer, to publish, under the title of “«Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge»,” such original papers and memoirs “as shall constitute valuable additions to the sum of human knowledge.” Under the belief that it falls legitimately within the scope of the above plan, the undersigned herewith submit for acceptance and publication, subject to the prescribed rules of the Institution, a MS. memoir entitled “ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, «comprising the results of Extensive Original Surveys and Explorations:» by E. G. SQUIER and E. H. DAVIS.” The extent of these investigations, and their general character, are sufficiently indicated in the prefatory remarks to the volume. With high consideration, we are truly yours, E. G. SQUIER, “JOSEPH HENRY, Esq., Secretary Smithsonian Institution. E. H. DAVIS.” * * * * * «Princeton», June 2, 1847. “DEAR SIR:—I am authorized by the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, to publish, in the numbers of the ‘«Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge»,’ any memoir which may be presented for this purpose, provided, that, on a careful examination by a commission of competent judges, the memoir shall be found to be a new and interesting addition to knowledge, resting on original research. The accompanying memoir, entitled ‘ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY,’ etc. etc., having been presented for publication, I beg leave to refer the same, through you, to the American Ethnological Society, with the request that a committee of the members may be appointed to examine and report on the character of the work, with reference to the particulars above mentioned. If the report of the committee be favorable, the memoir, without further consideration, will be accepted for publication; full confidence being placed in the ability of the committee to judge of the article, and in their caution in making up their opinion. “I have the honor to be, very respectfully, “Your ob’t servant, JOSEPH HENRY, “Secretary Smithsonian Inst. “Hon. ALBERT GALLATIN, President American Ethnological Society.” * * * * * “«New York», June 12, 1847. “DEAR SIR:—I have the honor to enclose a copy of the proceedings and resolutions of the New York Ethnological Society, upon the MS. work on American Antiquities, by Messrs. E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, submitted with your letter of the 2d instant. “I approve entirely of the resolutions and recommendations of the Society. The publication of Mr. C. Atwater, in the first volume of the Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, which appeared twenty years ago, is as yet, so far as I know, the only general account of the antiquarian remains of the West, which is entitled to any credit. Yet, many mistakes have been discovered in it, and it is very incomplete, and in no degree to be compared to the extensive researches of the gentlemen above mentioned. What has particularly recommended their labors to me is their love of truth. “Such are the combined effects of the fondness for the marvellous, of the illusions of the imagination, of credulity, thirst of notoriety and lack of discrimination, that, in many specific statements, and in almost all the general accounts of our Western antiquities, which I have seen, the most vague and fabulous reports (independent of most groundless theories), and even flagrant impositions, are so mixed with true accounts, as to render it almost impossible, even for the American reader, to make the proper discrimination, or arrive at a correct estimate of their extent or character. “Whatever may be the intrinsic value of the remains of former times which are found in the United States, it is necessary that they should at least be correctly described, and that existing gross errors should be corrected; and I repeat my conviction that, though ardent, Messrs. Squier and Davis are animated by that thorough love of truth, which renders their researches worthy of entire confidence. “Late Ethnological researches have thrown such light on the History of Man, that it is unnecessary to dwell on their general utility. With respect to those which relate to the Indians of the United States, I am ready to acknowledge, the field is comparatively barren, and the results hitherto attained neither satisfactory nor refreshing. Still, with proper caution, important information may be acquired, on what man, insulated, and without intercourse with other nations, can, by his solitary efforts, accomplish. In order, however, to attain these results, considerations, foreign to the immediate object of this letter, are required, which may hereafter be made the subject of another communication. “I have the honor to be, &c. “ALBERT GALLATIN. “Professor J. HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution.” * * * * * “At a regular meeting of the American Ethnological Society, held at the house of Hon. ALBERT GALLATIN, on the evening of the 4th of June, the President laid before the members a communication from Professor J. HENRY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution; transmitting for the examination and opinion of the Society, a MS. work on the Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. On motion, the letter and accompanying MS. were referred to a committee, consisting of EDWARD ROBINSON, D.D., JOHN R. BARTLETT, Professor W. W. TURNER, SAMUEL G. MORTON, M.D., and Hon. GEORGE P. MARSH, to report upon the same. At a subsequent meeting of this Society, the committee submitted the following Report and Resolutions, which were unanimously accepted and adopted:— “REPORT. “The Committee of the American Ethnological Society, to which was referred the communication of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, transmitting a manuscript work entitled ‘ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY; «comprising the Results of Extensive Original Surveys and Explorations», by E. G. SQUIER and E. H. DAVIS,’ beg leave to report that— “They have examined the work in question, and regard it not only as a new and interesting, but an eminently valuable addition to our stock of knowledge on a subject little understood, but in which is felt a deep and constantly increasing interest, both in our country and abroad. In their judgment the work is worthy of the subject, and highly creditable to the authors. Its chief features are, a scientific arrangement, simplicity and directness of statement, and legitimate deduction of facts, while there is no attempt at mere speculation or theory. If published, it will be an enduring monument to connect the names of the investigators in honorable and lasting remembrance with the great subject of American Archæology. “The existence and progress of these investigations were made known to the Society by correspondence, early in the year 1846; and in June of that year, specimens of the relics recovered, accompanied by numerous maps and plans of ancient Earthworks and Sectional Views of the Mounds from which the remains were taken, were laid before the Society by Mr. Squier in person. These excited deep interest and surprise in all who saw them; and the Society immediately took measures to encourage further investigation, and secure the publication, under its own auspices, of the important results already obtained. A few months later, the chairman of the present committee, being in Ohio, was enabled, through the kindness of Messrs. Squier and Davis, to visit several of the more important monuments in the immediate vicinity of Chillicothe; and among these ‘Mound City,’ so called, from which very many of the minor relics and specimens were procured. He was struck with the accuracy of the plans and drawings as well as of the accounts which had been laid before the Society; and bears full testimony to the fidelity and integrity with which the process of investigation and delineation has been conducted. “During the last and present season the researches of these gentlemen have been actively prosecuted and widely extended, and the above work, largely illustrated, comprising the results, has been prepared. These results are so numerous and important, and consequently such is the extent and magnitude of the work itself, as to put its publication beyond any means which the Society can command. Under these circumstances, your Committee learn with pleasure that preliminary arrangements have been made for its publication by the Smithsonian Institution, among its ‘Contributions to Knowledge.’ It can only be a matter of sincere gratification to this Society, to see that which it cannot itself accomplish for the history and antiquities of our country, taken up and carried out under such favorable auspices; and they cannot but rejoice that an opportunity is thus afforded to that noble institution of opening its high career, by fostering scientific research into the interesting problems connected with the Ante-Columbian history and Ancient Monuments of our own country. “In view of these facts, your Committee would recommend the adoption of the following resolutions by the Society:— “Resolved, That this Society regard the researches of Messrs. Squier and Davis, as of very great importance in American Archæology, and as casting much light upon our Aboriginal Antiquities, especially upon the character and habits of the earliest races which had their seat in the Mississippi Valley. “Resolved, That we regard the work prepared upon this subject, as one of great general interest, and as worthy to be adopted for publication by the Smithsonian Institution, both as resting on original researches, and as affording remarkable illustrations of the history of the American Continent. “Your Committee would also append to this Report, the accompanying letters from Samuel G. Morton, M.D., of Philadelphia, and Hon. George P. Marsh, of Vermont, both members of this Society, and joint members of this Committee. “All of which is respectfully submitted. «Committee.» EDWARD ROBINSON, JOHN R. BARTLETT, W. W. TURNER, “«New York», June, 1847.” * * * * * “«New- York.» June 9th, 1847. “I have examined, with much interest and attention, the manuscripts, drawings, and ancient remains in the possession of Mr. E. G. Squier, and am happy to say that my previous impressions concerning the value of the researches of that gentleman and his associate, are fully confirmed. It is fortunate for the cause of American Archæology, that the systematic attempt at its elucidation should have been conceived and executed in so truly philosophical a spirit; and, rich as this age already is in antiquarian lore, it has, I think, received few more important contributions than that which the enlightened and generous zeal of these two private gentlemen is about to confer upon it. The Smithsonian Collection could not begin with a more appropriate or creditable essay; and I hope that every facility may be afforded to the investigators, in bringing before the public the results of their honorable labors, in as suitable a form and with as little delay as possible. (Signed) GEO. P. MARSH.” * * * * * “«Philadelphia», June 8, 1847 “As a Member of the Committee of the American Ethnological Society, appointed to report on the Memoir on American Archæology, by Messrs. E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, I have great pleasure in saying, that after a careful and repeated inspection of the materials in the hands of those gentlemen, I am convinced they constitute by far the most important contribution to the Archæology of the United States, that has ever been offered to the public. The number and accuracy of their plans, sketches, &c., have both interested and surprised me; and it is gratifying to learn that the preliminary arrangements have been made for their publication under the honorable auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. (Signed) “«Samuel George Morton.»” To ensure accuracy in the present volume, the plates and engravings have been prepared under the supervision of Mr. E. G. SQUIER, who has also had the general direction of the press. The sheets as they were printed, were also examined by Professor W. W. TURNER, of New York, and Mr. F. A. TEALL. The wood engravings were executed by Messrs. ORR & RICHARDSON, and Mr. J. W. ORR, from drawings on the blocks, chiefly by WM. WADE and Mr. HAMILTON BROWN. The Lithographic engraving was executed by Messrs. SARONY & MAJOR, and the printing by Mr. E. O. JENKINS. OFFICERS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, «Ex officio» PRESIDING OFFICER OF THE INSTITUTION. THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, «Ex officio» SECOND PRESIDING OFFICER. GEORGE M. DALLAS, CHANCELLOR OF THE INSTITUTION. JOSEPH HENRY, SECRETARY OF THE INSTITUTION. CHARLES C. JEWETT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, ACTING AS LIBRARIAN. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. WILLIAM W. SEATON, ALEXANDER D. BACHE, JAMES A. PEARCE. REGENTS. GEORGE M. DALLAS, «Vice President of the United States». ROGER B. TANEY, «Chief Justice of the United States». WILLIAM W. SEATON, «Mayor of the City of Washington». JAMES A. PEARCE, «Member of the Senate of the United States». SIDNEY BREESE, «Member of the Senate of the United States». JEFFERSON DAVIS, «Member of the Senate of the United States». HENRY W. HILLIARD, «Member of the House of Representatives». GEORGE P. MARSH, «Member of the House of Representatives». ROBERT MCCLELLAND, «Member of the House of Representatives». RUFUS CHOATE, «Citizen of Massachusetts». GIDEON HAWLEY, «Citizen of New York». WILLIAM C. PRESTON, «Citizen of South Carolina». RICHARD RUSH, «Citizen of Pennsylvania». ALEXANDER D. BACHE, «Mem. of Nat. Inst., Washington». JOSEPH G. TOTTEN, «Mem. of Nat. Inst., Washington». MEMBERS EX OFFICIO OF THE INSTITUTION. JAMES K. POLK, «President of the United States». GEORGE M. DALLAS, «Vice President of the United States». JAMES BUCHANAN, «Secretary of State of the United States». ROBERT J. WALKER, «Secretary of the Treasury of the United States». WILLIAM L. MARCY, «Secretary of War of the United States». JOHN Y. MASON, «Secretary of the Navy of the United States». CAVE JOHNSON, «Post Master General of the United States». ISAAC TOUCEY, «Attorney General of the United States». ROGER B. TANEY, «Chief Justice of the United States». EDMUND BURKE, «Commissioner of Patents of the United States». WILLIAM W. SEATON, «Mayor of the City of Washington». HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTION. [No Honorary Members have yet been elected.] ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY: COMPRISING THE RESULTS OF EXTENSIVE ORIGINAL SURVEYS AND EXPLORATIONS. BY E. G. SQUIER, A.M., AND E. H. DAVIS, M.D. ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. JUNE 1847. TO HON. ALBERT GALLATIN, STATESMAN AND PHILOSOPHER, IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS PATRIOTIC SERVICES AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS, This work is respectfully DEDICATED. CONTENTS. CONTENTS, … xviii LIST OF PLATES, … xx LIST OF WOOD ENGRAVINGS, … xv