CHAPTER VIII. THE PROTECTION OF THE PRESIDENT 425

The Nature of the Protective Assignment 426 Evaluation of Presidential Protection at the Time of the Assassination of President Kennedy 428 Intelligence Functions Relating to Presidential Protection at the Time of the Dallas Trip 429 Liaison With Other Government Agencies 444 Other Protective Measures and Aspects of Secret Service Performance 444 Recommendations 454 Assassination a Federal Crime 454 Committee of Cabinet Officers 456 Responsibilities for Presidential Protection 457 General Supervision of the Secret Service 460 Preventive Intelligence 461 Liaison With Local Law Enforcement Agencies 465 Inspection of Buildings 466 Secret Service Personnel and Facilities 466 Manpower and Technical Assistance From Other Agencies 467 Conclusion 468 APPENDIX I. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 11130 471 APPENDIX II. WHITE HOUSE RELEASE 472 APPENDIX III. SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 137 473 APPENDIX IV. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 475 Members of Commission 475 General Counsel 476 Assistant Counsel 476 Staff Members 477 Acknowledgments 481 APPENDIX V. LIST OF WITNESSES 483 APPENDIX VI. COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR THE TAKING OF TESTIMONY 501 Resolution Governing Questioning of Witnesses by Members of the Commission Staff 501 APPENDIX VII. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESIDENTIAL PROTECTION 504 Before the Civil War 504 Lincoln 505 The Need for Protection Further Demonstrated 507 Development of Presidential Protection 510 APPENDIX VIII. MEDICAL REPORTS FROM DOCTORS AT PARKLAND MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, DALLAS, TEX. 516 APPENDIX IX. AUTOPSY REPORT AND SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT 538 APPENDIX X. EXPERT TESTIMONY 547 Firearms and Firearms Identification 547 General Principles 547 The Rifle 553 Rifle Cartridge and Cartridge Cases 555 The Rifle Bullets 557 The Revolver 558 Revolver Cartridges and Cartridge Cases 559 Revolver Bullets 559 The Struggle for the Revolver 560 The Paraffin Test 560 The Walker Bullet 562 Fingerprints and Palmprints 563 General Principles 563 Objects in the Texas School Book Depository Building 556 Questioned Documents 566 The Mail Order for the C2766 Rifle, the Related Envelope, and the Money Order 569 Mail Order for the V510210 Revolver 570 Post Office Box Applications and Change-of-Address Card 570 The Spurious Selective Service System Notice of Classification and U.S. Marine Corps Certificate of Service 571 The Hidell Notice of Classification 571 The Hidell Certificate of Service 576 The Vaccination Certificate 577 The Fair Play for Cuba Committee Card 578 The Unsigned Russian-Language Note 578 The Homemade Wrapping Paper Bag 579 Wound Ballistics Experiments 580 Purpose of the Tests 580 The Testers and Their Qualifications 580 General Testing Conditions 581 Tests on Penetration Power and Bullet Stability 581 Tests Simulating President Kennedy’s Neck Wound 582 Tests Simulating Governor Connally’s Chest Wounds 582 Tests Simulating Governor Connally’s Wrist Wounds 583 Conclusions From Simulating the Neck, Chest, and Wrist Wounds 584 Tests Simulating President Kennedy’s Head Wounds 585 Hairs and Fibers 586 General Principles 588 Photographs 592 APPENDIX XI. REPORTS RELATING TO THE INTERROGATION OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD AT THE DALLAS POLICE DEPARTMENT 598 APPENDIX XII. SPECULATIONS AND RUMORS 637 The Source of the Shots 639 The Assassin 642 Oswald’s Movements Between 12:33 and 1:15 p.m. 648 Murder of Tippit 650 Oswald After His Arrest 654 Oswald in the Soviet Union 655 Oswald’s Trip to Mexico City 658 Oswald and U.S. Government Agencies 659 Conspiratorial Relationships 661 Other Rumors and Speculations 664 APPENDIX XIII. BIOGRAPHY OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD 669 Early Years 669 Marines 681 Soviet Union 689 Fort Worth, Dallas, New Orleans 713 Mexico City 730 Dallas 737 APPENDIX XIV. ANALYSIS OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD’S FINANCES FROM JUNE 13, 1962, THROUGH NOVEMBER 22, 1963 741 APPENDIX XV. TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN LEE HARVEY OSWALD AND MARINA OSWALD, AND THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 746 Issuance of Passport in 1959 746 Oswald’s Attempts To Renounce His U.S. Citizenship 747 Return and Renewal of Oswald’s 1959 Passport 752 Negotiations Between Oswald and the Embassy 752 Legal Justification for the Return and Reissue of Oswald’s Passport 759 Authorization for Marina Oswald To Enter the United States 761 Negotiations Between Oswald and the Embassy 761 Legal Justification for the Decisions Affecting Marina Oswald 766 Oswald’s Letter to Senator Tower 769 The Loan From the State Department 770 Oswald’s Return to the United States and Repayment of His Loan 773 Issuance of a Passport in June 1963 773 Visit to the Russian Embassy in Mexico City 777 Conclusion 777 APPENDIX XVI. A BIOGRAPHY OF JACK RUBY 779 Family Background 779 Childhood and Youth (1911-33) 780 Psychiatric Report 781 Placement in Foster Homes 782 Subsequent Home Life 783 Education 784 Activities 784 Temperament 785 Young Manhood (1933-43) 786 San Francisco (1933-37) 786 Occupations and Activities 786 Chicago (1937-43) 787 Military Activities (1943-46) 790 Postwar Chicago (1946-47) 791 Dallas (1947-63) 792 The Move to Dallas 792 The Change of Name 793 Nightclub Operations 794 Employee Relationships 796 Financial Data and Tax Problems 797 Other Business Ventures 799 Arrests and Violations 800 Police Associations 800 Underworld Ties 801 Travels 801 Character and Interests 802 Family Relationships 802 Social Relationships 803 Affection for Dogs 804 Religious Interests 804 Physical Activities and Violence 804 Generosity to Friends and the Need for Recognition 806 APPENDIX XVII. POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION OF JACK RUBY 807 Preliminary Arrangements 807 Administration of the Test 809 Interpretation of the Test 813 APPENDIX XVIII. FOOTNOTES 817 INDEX 880