1845. Occasionally the men worked in concert with the officers of

the United States' topographical engineers. Two non-commissioned officers were constantly employed under Captains Robinson and Pipon, in taking and calculating observations for latitudes and longitudes, and for absolute longitudes by lunar transits and culminating stars, to discover the azimuthal bearings of the line, as pointed out by the treaty of Washington. They also ascertained the comparative heights of astronomical stations, &c., at various points of the line from barometrical observations. One non-commissioned officer for many months was attached to the American party to see that they effected their survey according to the treaty; one carried the chronometers between the astronomical camps; and the remainder were employed singly in charge of large parties of labourers and axemen, carrying on the general business of marking out the boundary, and of surveying and levelling it. Embraced in the operations also was the survey of the waters, roads, and other prominent objects in the vicinity of the line, essential to the discovery of the boundary, at any time, by reference to the natural features of the country; and when the survey closed in 1845, seven of the party were, for more than eight months, stationed with the commission at Washington, engaged in the duty of computing and registering astronomical observations, also in laying down and plotting the work and finishing the plans of the line. The process of surveying and levelling is too well known to need notice, but it may be desirable to afford an idea of one description of work, to show in what respect assistance was given to obtain the longitude of a particular place. Between the northwest branch-station and Quebec, it was required to ascertain the difference of longitude; but as the usual method of finding it by the interchange of chronometers could not be resorted to, a hill some twenty miles away from the branch station, which could be seen from Quebec, was selected as the station for an observing party. Captain Pipon, therefore, left the woods, and established his transit instrument on the Plains of Abraham. With a pocket chronometer, tent, provisions, gunpowder, &c., sergeant Bernard M‘Guckin removed to a range of hills from the station above Lake Ishæganalshegeck, and encamped himself and his labourers on the highest point of the range, which was covered to the top with dense wood. Climbing the height, and finding he could see back to the Lake Hill and forward to Quebec, he set his labourers to clear away the summit, except one high tree which he stript of all the leaves and branches likely to intercept the free range of the observations. At the base of this tree he constructed a high platform, and every evening for two hours, at intervals of ten minutes, the sergeant fired flashes of gunpowder, by hoisting the charge, with the assistance of a pulley, to the top of the tree with a burning slow match attached. The quantity of powder used for each flash varied from a quarter to half a pound. Some of the nights the wind blew strongly, and the charge exploded before reaching the top of the tree. On a clear night the flashes could be seen with the naked eye at the Quebec observatory, forty miles distant. Simultaneous observations were made on six different evenings, and forty-six flashes were noted, sufficient to give a good difference of longitude. The result of the experiment was most successful. An attempt was afterwards made to find the difference of longitude between the stations, by the transmission of chronometers; but the effect deduced was worthless compared with that obtained from the flashes. These observations were a part of the scheme for tracing the straight sixty-four mile line of boundary from the outlet of Lake Pohenagamook to the hill station on Lake Ishæganalshegeck. When the observations were completed, Captain Robinson left the woods and placed his chronometers in charge of a non-commissioned officer of sappers at Montreal, who wound them up and compared them during the winter.[475] ----- Footnote 475: ‘Corps Papers,’ i., pp. 125, 126, 155. ----- The accuracy of this means of observation was further tested on the western portion of the line ending at St. Regis by the operations of corporal Bastard. In August, 1845, having selected the highest summit on Mount Rougement, near Chambly, for a station, he reciprocated flashes with Major Graham of the U. S. topographical engineers at Rouse’s Point, with great precision and success.[476] The same was done by corporal Thomas Forbes from the top of Jay’s Peak in Vermont, who flashed at ten-minute intervals from the surface of a piece of flat board. In six fine nights eighty flashes were observed in common. These series of observations connected the points of St. Regis and St. Helen’s, and the latter again with Rouse’s, testing at the same time the difference of longitude between the several stations.[477] ----- Footnote 476: Ibid., i., p. 155. Footnote 477: Ibid., i., p. 128. ----- When not in tents, a sort of hut constructed on the spot was the only habitation of the surveyors, and twigs of the spruce tree, felled by the axemen, formed their bed. They had good blankets and warm clothing; but such was the severity of the weather, and such the inconvenience of their bivouac, that frequently in the morning they arose for work either with stiffened limbs, or soaked with melted snow. For the most part, however, the detachment was free from sickness despite the intense cold in winter, and the great heat in summer. Locked as they were in a thick forest, covered by an impenetrable foliage, the oppressive heat of midsummer was almost insupportable. In the spring scurvy was common among them, accompanied with sore gums, loose teeth, discoloured legs, and emaciated frames, but some well-known simple specifics soon restored them to health.[478] Only one man became an invalid on the duty, arising from an injury he sustained by falling from a shelving bank, on account of which he was sent home and discharged. ----- Footnote 478: ‘Corps Papers,’ i., p. 108, 109. ----- The royal engineers with their sappers and assistants were the first to penetrate these wilds and the first to open a way through their mazes. Scrambling through an unbroken forest with snow-shoes on, interrupted at every step by stunted underwood, not a little augmented their fatigues. Often the snow was hip deep; and when the melting commenced, the obstacles and toils of travelling became greater. The snow-shoes then became useless, and yet without them the men sank above their knees in half-thawed snow, and then had to wade through the swamp. Streams in those seasons became rivers, and rivers deep torrents; and such was the difficulty of pushing through the snow, that one party was four days going ten miles.[479] Difficulties like these were more especially felt in the region embraced within the “sixty-four mile line.” A vast prairie it was, thickly overgrown with tangled bush, undisturbed for centuries, by the axe of industry. The full influence of many a storm, however, had beaten down the forest and levelled trees too old to bear its blast. These lay across the track intersected and confused, just as the wind had blown them; and the dense bush, climbing over the aged trunks, so matted the vegetation, that the trials of travelling were only overshot by the general hardships of the enterprise. There were perils too encountered of a serious character, which only stout frames and sturdy hearts could have conquered. On one occasion, corporal Owen Lonergan was sent to measure three check lines; it was biting cold at the time, and the ground was covered with snow some two or three feet deep. Though encumbered with an instrument, a greatcoat, and heavy clothes, he entered with spirit upon his work and rapidly completed two of the checks, but on commencing the third he was obliged to relinquish it, as his hands, painfully benumbed, had lost their power. The snow by this time was very high, and it was only by superhuman effort, sustained for several hours, that he succeeded in mastering the difficulties of his situation, and regaining his hut before nightfall. ----- Footnote 479: Ibid., i., p. 114. ----- The survey of the sixty-four mile line was important because of the necessity imposed by the treaty of making it rigidly strait. A force of labourers, guided in the duty by the most intelligent men with the commission, first struck out the line as indicated by astronomical observation. When this preliminary trace was effected, other labourers, in strong batches, “directed by non-commissioned officers of the sappers and miners were sent to cut the whole line thirty feet wide, clearing a way in the centre, of about eight feet wide, but leaving the other part with the stumps breast high and the trees as they had fallen. These parties were guided in their cuttings by the marks which had been set up on the ridges at no very great distances apart from each other. When the line had been thus cut out from end to end, a transit instrument was sent through it, adjusting correctly all the station poles, and insuring the straightness of the line beyond all doubt.”[480] ----- Footnote 480: ‘Corps Papers,’ i., p. 124. ----- At the termination of the survey, Lieutenant-Colonel Estcourt thus wrote of the conduct and services of the detachment: “I beg to acknowledge the valuable assistance they have rendered. The character of the duties intrusted to them has been such as must have been given to an officer had they not been attached to the commission, entailing thereby a great additional expense, not only on the score of wages, but also of equipment and assistance; and I doubt whether the work would have been better executed. All that was expected, therefore, from their employment has been fully realized; their efficiency in the field, and their general good conduct and respectability, have been very creditable to them and to their corps. Those who are now about to leave us, and have been at Washington during all our residence here, deserve the highest commendation for their uniform good conduct. In no single instance has there been the least occasion for complaint or even remark.” In his orders to the detachment at parting, he reiterated the substance of the above tribute, and spoke of the unmixed satisfaction he would look back upon the whole of his intercourse with the sappers. The survey pay of the men, in addition to their regimental pay, ranged between 2_s._ 10_d._ and 3_s._ 9_d._ a-day, and free rations and hotel expenses were also allowed them.[481] ----- Footnote 481: The senior non-commissioned officer, sergeant James Mulligan, was much noticed for his attainments and exertions. His duties with the commission were of a nature to require the exercise of patience and resolution, and demanded always a scrupulous, unremitting attention. In this he was never found to fail, but rendered valuable services, “which,” adds Colonel Estcourt, “few civilians could have undertaken, or, if capable, would not have undertaken, but for the highest salary.” Mulligan’s survey-pay was 3_s._ 9_d._ a-day. After his discharge, in September, 1846, he was awarded, for his high merit, a silver medal, and a special gratuity of 25_l._ On leaving the corps he retired, with ample pecuniary means, to Ireland. ----- The war in Kaffirland again broke out this year and afforded ample employment for the two companies of the corps, which were scattered in sections to the several posts on the frontier. A small detachment of sappers appears to have been the first troops to meet with hostile interruption in the prosecution of its duties, and the circumstance is quaintly alluded to in the following free metrical effusion of a facetious alarmist:— “There was a stir in Kaffirland one morning, A chief with Government some ground disputed; And then he very fairly sent us warning Our plans and his were totally unsuited: So Colonel Hare, as did of old, Mahomet, Call’d for his boots, and flar’d up like a comet. “Meanwhile Sandeli, who’s a lad of metal, Swore that the sappers should not light a fire To cook their dinners or to boil their kettle; And so—denouncing on them vengeance dire,— He bid them pack their tools and strike their tents, And made believe to seize their instruments.”[482] ----- Footnote 482: “The Alarm,” in ‘United Service Magazine,’ 1846, ii., p. 383. ----- The nature of the service upon which the companies were employed precluded them from taking any very active or prominent share in the operations of the campaign, or of their numbers being collected in any force to render their movements impressive and conspicuous; nevertheless, as opportunities offered of withdrawing them from their more pacific duties, they were made to participate with the other troops in the harassing war which, without intermission, continued with vigour until the winter. Corporal Benjamin Castledine, ordered to proceed from Fort Beaufort to Post Victoria, started on the 21st March, 1846, with a gunner of the royal artillery who was armed with a sword only, in charge of a waggon with twelve oxen and two natives—a driver and a leader—who had one musket between them. In crossing a drift, after marching seven miles, the oxen were knocked up, and the corporal sent the driver back for more cattle. At night the corporal took turn as sentry with the artilleryman. Next morning at daylight, the leader was ordered to collect the cattle then grazing about three hundred yards off; but while away, shots were heard in the direction he had taken. The corporal, leaving the waggon in charge of the artilleryman, ran to the banks of the drift, and before he had time to seek cover in the bush, was met by a volley from several armed Kaffirs, who had already wounded the leader and taken his gun. The corporal stood his ground, and wounding two of their number by his correct firing, the rest carried off the injured men and drove away the corporal’s cattle. Luckily, soon afterwards, a patrol of one sergeant and seven men of the 7th dragoon guards came up, and hearing what had happened, they pursued the Kaffirs and retook the oxen. The corporal with his escort and cattle, except two of the latter, which were lost on the road from exhaustion, resumed the route and reached Post Victoria on the 22nd March. Colonel Somerset, then commanding the frontier, hearing through Lieutenant Stokes, R.E., of the affair, gave corporal Castledine much credit for his conduct. This was the first skirmish in the war. From the 16th to 18th April three men served with a demibattery of artillery as gunners, during Colonel Somerset’s operations in the Amatola mountains, and retreat from Burn’s hill to Block drift, where they were present in a smart action. Ten men took part with the artillery at the guns, from 20th April to 29th September, at Victoria, Fort Beaufort, and Block drift. At these forts and at Graham’s Town the men for weeks together lay down in their clothes and accoutrements ready to meet any sudden attack. At Beaufort, four guns were manned by them, two 9-pounders and two 5½-inch howitzers: one of these had horses attached, which were mounted by the sappers. Graham’s Town, denuded of its garrison to scour the Amatolas, was left unprotected. Bodies of Kaffirs pressed into the colony, marking their track by murder and desolation. Tidings of their savage proceedings being brought in by mounted burghers, breathless with the intelligence, it was feared the town would be early attacked. At once the engineer at the station set to work to fortify it, and with the assistance of some Fingoes and Hottentots, the few sappers that remained rapidly blockaded the streets and avenues leading into the town. The return, however, of Colonel Somerset’s division checked the enemy’s advance on this, the metropolis of the frontier.[483] ----- Footnote 483: ‘United Service Journal,’ iii., 1846, p. 328. ----- On the 23rd April, under Lieutenant Bourchier, R.E., fifty-one non-commissioned officers and men repulsed an attack by the enemy on the Farmer’s camp near Fort Brown. The action lasted about four hours, and though the night was extremely dark, the sappers, serving both as infantry and artillery in charge of two field-pieces, beat off the enemy with the loss, as was afterwards acknowledged by the chief _Stock_, of thirty killed. The sappers _only_ were engaged in this affair, and their spirited and gallant conduct was reported by Lieutenant Bourchier. On the 17th and 31st May and 1st and 18th June, about forty non-commissioned officers and men, sent from Fort Brown under Lieutenant Bourchier, went in pursuit of marauding parties of the enemy. From Double drift under the same officer, four other parties were despatched through the bush after the Kaffirs on the 25th June, 7th July, and 7th and 18th August. Sergeant Thomas P. Cook and corporal John Campbell were reported to have shown great determination and intelligence in following the enemy in their fastnesses. The former accompanied six of the patrols and the latter seven. Near Fort Brown, three Kaffir spies, discovered creeping up to the place to reconnoitre, were shot; two of these were brought down by privates Alexander Irvine and John Patterson. From 3rd June to 13th July, ten men with a company of the 90th regiment, fifty marines and some sailors, under Lieutenant Owen, R.E., constructed a flying bridge of boats, &c. for crossing the Fish river mouth, and threw up a field-work on the right bank. In this service private John Vance, a superior carpenter, “showed remarkable zeal, skill, and intelligence.” The work was undertaken to establish an open line of communication to Fort Peddie.[484] Footnote 484: Vance is noticed in Colonel Pasley’s 'Practical Operations for a Siege’ for his assistance in executing some of the wood engravings to the work. He was an excellent carpenter and modeller, but his efforts at engraving show but little refinement. Untaught in the art, his attempts to supply the place of competent practitioners can only be regarded as the neat and more advanced stages of carpentering. Pity, however, that such a man, so apt, so ready—should have been enslaved by his vices. A drunkard, in the most degraded sense of the word, no one regretted, when his service expired, to see him quit the corps. Under Lieutenant Stokes, R.E., twelve men shared in the operations with the second division in the field and at the passage at the mouth of the Keiskama river from the 6th to 16th July. From the latter date to the 13th September, under the same officer, six other privates served with the second division during Sir Peregrine Maitland’s attack upon the Amatola mountains, and constructed a field-work for the protection of the camp at Perie. On the 15th and 16th July, sixteen non-commissioned officers and men under Lieutenant Bourchier were present in action with the enemy at Dodo’s kraal, under the command of Captain Hogg, 7th dragoon guards. From the 16th July to 13th September, twelve men constructed a field-work for the protection of the camp at Waterloo Bay under Lieutenant Owen, R.E. From 20th July to 12th September, thirty-eight non-commissioned officers and men served in the field with the first division during Sir Peregrine Maitland’s attack on the Amatola mountains; and under the direction of Captain Howorth, R.E., restored Fort Cox. On the 29th July the camp on the Amatola flats was attacked by the enemy, and sergeant Joseph Barns of the corps was killed. Seven men under Lieutenant Bourchier were present, from the 25th to 30th August, with Colonel Somerset’s patrol between the Fish river and the Keiskama. On 24th October, the Swellandam native infantry at Fort Beaufort, directed to escort waggons to Waterloo Bay, marched from the parade, contrary to the remonstrances of their officers towards Graham’s Town. There were about 350 of the levy present, and the simultaneous and unhesitating movement of the mutineers, gave reason to fear that the conspiracy was well organized. Captain Ward, of the 91st regiment, the commandant, at once ordered the two artillerymen and five sappers under corporal Edward Barnecoat to follow in pursuit with the three-pounder howitzer. This was all the commandant’s force. The gun was up in a few minutes, and bounding down the street, reached the bridge, where halting, the captain ordered the howitzer to be put in action. With only eight men Captain Ward thought it imprudent to proceed further. Trying the effect of firing three rounds of blank ammunition, the mutineers pushed up the acclivity with increased speed at every discharge, and reforming on its brow, seemed disposed to hazard a fight. At this moment a detachment of the 90th regiment—which happened to be at the fort on escort duty—pressed up to the bridge. Immediately the gun was limbered up and when the little column was about to scale the height, Colonel Richardson, who had now arrived, countermanded the order to advance. With only a handful of men, there was but a remote chance of success against 350 exasperated rebels all armed and posted on commanding ground; and so swayed by merciful considerations the colonel employed two missionaries to parley with the misguided men, who, soon, in great part, returned to their allegiance.[485] ----- Footnote 485: Mrs. Ward’s ‘Cape and the Kaffirs,’ Bohn’s edit., 1851, pp. 145-147. ----- These comprise the active services of the companies during the year, in which, though the parties do not appear to have gained any mention in dispatches or reports for their conduct and efficiency, they always behaved like good soldiers, and spared no exertion to accomplish the objects for which they were employed. They were likewise much harassed on varied escort duty, such as conveying from fort to fort waggons with ammunition, provisions, and wounded men, and took part in all those multifarious services, carried on at twenty different frontier posts and forts, which the character of that desultory and peculiar warfare continually exacted. In April, the small blocked epaulettes were superseded by others with loose twisted cords of three inches long suspended from a raised corded crescent. Those for the sergeants and staff-sergeants were of the artillery pattern—long loose gold fringe and gilt crescent to correspond with the privates' epaulettes. The shoulder-strap for the sergeants and other ranks was of blue cloth faced with gold lace. The staff-sergeants' epaulettes continued boxed as before, with a full laced gold strap edged with raised embroidered wire, and a gilt crescent, but the bullion was longer than formerly. The collar of the coatee for all ranks, which had a triangular-shaped piece of scarlet cloth at the back, was this year entirely of blue cloth, but laced as before, with rectangular loops. The alteration was made to give, in appearance, breadth and squareness to the men’s shoulders. Corporal John Rae, second-corporal John Mealey and eighteen men, were employed from the 8th June to the 17th August, in executing some underground works for the drainage of Windsor. These consisted of a tunnel or cutting from the entrance of the long walk to the north side of the quadrangle of the castle, and also the excavation of a driftway under the north front, moving east and west. The tunnel was approached from several circular shafts 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, of an average depth of about 25 feet; and the gallery—the height of which was six feet, and width 4 feet 6 inches—was driven between 750 and 800 feet through chalk, flint, made earth, old moats, and crumbling vaults and foundations; and, notwithstanding the difficulties of the work, was prosecuted with such exactness, that the line of driving between the shafts, was rarely more than an inch or two out of its true level. Indeed, it was remarked that the tunnel, commenced at opposite sides of the castle, was so correct in its progress, that on reaching the centre, there did not exist two inches of difference where the tunnels merged into one.[486] In hazardous earth, mining frames and sheeting were resorted to, but even these expedients, at times, did not prevent the earth from falling and impeding the workmen. Thirty civil labourers worked the windlasses and drove the barrows for the party. All hands worked from five in the morning until half-past six in the evening, and made by their exertions, seven days and a half a-week, at 1_s._ 6_d._ each a-day. Captain Vetch, late of the corps, was the engineer for the work, and Lieutenant the Honourable H. F. Keane, commanded the detachment. The Board of Woods and Forests paid the expenses of the undertaking, and praised the skill and energy with which the excavations had been conducted and completed. The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury also acknowledged the great advantage which resulted from the employment of the sappers on the occasion. ----- Footnote 486: The ‘Times,’ August 19, 1846. ----- Sergeant Philip Clark and eleven rank and file embarked at Deptford, in the ‘Blenheim,’ on the 3rd of June, 1846, for the territories of the Hudson’s Bay Company. A detachment of artillery, and three companies of the 6th foot, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Crofton, were also with the expedition. The employment of this small force on the Red River was occasioned by the menacing hauteur of the Americans respecting the Oregon territory, which at this period was a momentous question between the two countries; but fortunately, the dispute terminated in a treaty which settled amicably the national differences. The party was composed of excellent mechanics and well-conducted men, two of whom were also good surveyors and draughtsmen. Three chronometers and barometers, with measuring chains and surveying instruments, were placed in charge of sergeant Clark. Captain H. C. B. Moody, R.E., took command of the party on its landing at York Factory on the 14th of August, and subsequently, for about a year, the command was held by Captain Beatty, R.E. It was not intended to attach the sappers to the divisions of the troops in pushing up the country, but to employ them on services for which they were more peculiarly adapted, such as measuring the heights of the several falls in the course of the rivers that occasion the necessity for the portages, and improving the latter whenever any short proceeding would give them facilities for doing it: also cutting, on prominent objects, bench marks to show the height of the water for the information of travellers, and embodying in memoranda a description of the nature of the ground traversed and the features of the country, with suggestions for improving the passage. Owing, however, to the scarcity of officers, the colonel in command could not permit the employment of the detachment in this manner. Accordingly, eight men accompanied the first division of the force, two the second, and two, with Captain Moody, the third. The first party took the barometers; and the chronometers were taken by the two surveyors in the 3rd brigade. In concert with the troops, they tracked, hauled, rowed, and poled the boats the whole way to Fort Garry; and, notwithstanding the intensity of the cold, such was the nature of the duty, it required them in its execution, to go barefooted with their trousers tied above the knee. At night, for a few hours only, they slept under canvas frequently in wet clothes, upon the damp snow-covered ground. The distance traversed was about 400 miles, through swamps and rapids, over rocky islets, and up and down steep and slippery banks and declivities; and the operation, one of immense difficulty and peril, was not achieved without much labour and discomfort. At each portage, sergeant Clark himself carried the chronometers, and, after examining them, placed a sentry to watch them. He also measured the heights of the falls and took the difference of the levels. In shoal water, or in running the several rapids, the delicate instruments were invariably removed from the boats to save them from shocks by bumping against hidden rocks and impediments. The chronometers were wound up every morning at nine o’clock, and the results and comparative differences registered. Three times a day the indications of the barometers, the changes in the atmosphere, and the force and direction of the wind were registered, and these observations were recorded until the expedition quitted the settlement. Sergeant Clark and private Robert Penton showed great zeal and intelligence in the manner they carried out their scientific duties on the route, and corporal Thomas R. Macpherson, who had charge of the party that accompanied the first brigade from York Factory, was commended for the notes he took of the route, and for the report he framed thereon. At Lower Fort Garry, the troops, under the officers of engineers, with the sappers as overseers, made a trench round the fortress, and cleared away the wood contiguous to it for 300 yards in every direction. A varying party was detached with corporal Macpherson to Upper Fort Garry; and at both places, the sappers carried out all those services which the nature of the settlement and the weather made indispensable for the health and accommodation of the troops. While at work the detachment wore leather jackets and trousers. In the second year of the station, corporal Macpherson with one sapper was sent to York Factory, and returned in charge of the magnetic and other instruments left there the year before. Although the intricacies of the passage were considerable, increased by the necessity of personally carrying the cases over the portages, he safely conveyed them to the fort without detriment or derangement. Some of the party were employed at intervals, in the survey of portions of the Assimboine, Saskatchewan and Red Rivers, and corporal Macpherson[487] and second-corporal Penton, under Captain Moody, examined and explored the country in the vicinity of the boundary line of the United States at Pambina. ----- Footnote 487: In the life of some men there happen singular incidents, which give either a romantic or a strangely-degraded cast to their career. In this category corporal Macpherson may be fairly included. He was a very talented and superior artificer, and his general knowledge and experience made his services conspicuous. At Hythe he absented himself, and leaving his clothes on the bank of the canal, a belief prevailed that he was drowned; he, however, turned up about a year afterwards, and was convicted of the crime of desertion. But soon gaining favour by his diligence and talents, he rose rapidly to the rank of sergeant, and was entrusted with responsible duties at Gibraltar, Hudson’s Bay, and finally in Nova Scotia. At Halifax he again deserted, with 206_l._ of the public money, but a vigilant piquet being on his trail, he was apprehended at Annapolis, fortunately for the captain of his company, with the whole of the treasure in his pocket. Being tried and convicted he was sentenced to fourteen years' transportation. A review of his useful services, and the humane intercession of Colonel Savage, R.E., his commanding officer, obtained for him a full pardon—only to be followed by the basest ingratitude and crime. A few months elapsed, and the forgiven felon _a third time_ deserted. On the passage to the States he robbed a gentleman with whom he got into conversation, but as the theft was discovered before the debarkation took place, the gentleman repossessed his money, and a gold watch supposed to be stolen. On landing, the gentleman took steps for the apprehension of the delinquent, but, by artful remonstrances, he made the public believe that the reason of his arrest was not for theft as alleged, but for desertion from the British service. At once the mob sympathized with his fate, rescued him from custody, and he is now at large in the States. The gold watch, brought to Halifax by the gentleman, proved to be the property of a comrade. ----- On the 3rd of August, 1848, the sappers quitted Fort Garry under the command of Captain Blackwood Price, R.A.—Captain Moody having then returned to Canada—and after completing the arduous and fatiguing descent to York Factory, they embarked there on the 24th of August, and landed at Woolwich, 18th of October, 1848. Both Lieutenant-Colonel Crofton, and Major Griffiths, his successor in command, awarded an honourable meed of approbation to the detachment for its exemplary conduct and services; but sergeant Clark was particularly noticed by the former for his attainments and ready zeal. “His exertions,” adds the Colonel, “were never wanting, even in matters not in immediate connexion with the corps, and to him I owe the good arrangements made for the garrison library, in aid of which, his services as librarian were cheerfully given without gratuity.”[488] Sergeant Clark, corporal Macpherson and second-corporal Penton,[489] received promotion for their useful exertions on this expedition. ----- Footnote 488: Sergeant Clark was brought up in the royal military asylum. He was for some years on the survey of Ireland, and by subsequent application, became a fair surveyor and draughtsman. He served a station at Corfu before going to Hudson’s Bay, and subsequently passed a few years as colour-sergeant of the 20th company, at Freemantle, Western Australia. Footnote 489: An enterprising and superior surveyor. He was importantly employed in 1843 in the determination of the longitude of Valentia, and is now a sergeant at Halifax, Nova Scotia, whither he had been sent to superintend the laying of asphalte. ----- 1846. Exploration survey for a railway in North America—Services of the party employed on it—Personal services of sergeant A. Calder—Augmentation to the corps—Reinforcement to China—Recall of a company from Bermuda—Royal presents to the reading-room at Southampton—Inspection at Gibraltar by Sir Robert Wilson—Third company placed at the disposal of the Board of Works in Ireland—Sergeant J. Baston—Services of the company—Distinguished from the works controlled by the civilians—Gallantry of private G. Windsor—Coolness of private E. West—Intrepid and useful services of private William Baker—Survey of Southampton, and its incomparable map. Sergeant Alexander Calder and seven rank and file of the survey companies embarked at Liverpool in the ‘Britannia’ steam-ship, and landed at Halifax, 2nd July. Subsequently, the party was increased by the arrival of four rank and file who had been employed on the boundary survey in the state of Maine. This detachment, with two pensioner non-commissioned officers of the corps, served under the direction of Captain Pipon,[490] and afterwards of Lieutenant E. Y. W. Henderson and Major Robinson, R.E., in surveying the country between Quebec and Halifax, to ascertain the best route for a railway to connect the provinces. The party was dressed in plain clothes, and for the service of the woods, fur caps, pea-coats, and over-boots were added. ----- Footnote 490: Accidentally drowned in the Restigouche, 28th October, 1846. His body was identified by private John Ashplant, and taken charge of by him and sergeant Calder until its removal from Campbelltown to Fredericton, where it was interred in the public cemetery. ----- Five different routes, the projects of rival interests, were surveyed, and the neighbouring forests and wilds, abounding with wood and water, explored. The forests were in their primeval state—dense and rugged. Pine trees were the chief growth, and the ground, encumbered with sharp-pointed branches thrown down by time or the violence of winds, formed a regular abattis, and with a thick undergrowth of shrubs and bushes rendered the woods almost impervious. Parties exploring, as soon as they left the rivers or beaten tracks, had to cut their way before them. The difficulties of carrying out the service were considerable. The hills being as much covered with the forest as the plains and valleys, views of the surrounding country could not easily be obtained. Generally this object was effected by climbing, in which some of the sappers became very expert, “and, assisted by creepers—a contrivance of iron spikes buckled to the feet—could climb well.”[491] To wander in the least degree from the path cut or marked was dangerous, as the chances of being benighted or lost in the prairie were very great.[492] ----- Footnote 491: ‘Professional Papers,’ N. S., ii., p. 36. Footnote 492: Ibid., p. 38. ----- The detachment was divided into parties of two each as assistant-surveyors, with ten or twelve labourers, under a civil surveyor of the country. “Each party had a particular line to explore. The sappers carried either two or three barometers and detached thermometers with them; also a 5-inch theodolite, a measuring chain, pocket compasses, &c. As the lines were cut out by the axemen and labourers, the sappers measured them, and took the angles for direction, and also for elevation or depression. The barometers were registered at the summits of ridges and bottoms of valleys. Somewhere, at the most convenient spot, in the neighbourhood of the exploring parties, a sapper was stationed with a standard barometer, who did not move from his post until ordered to do so. His duty was to register his barometer and thermometers every hour during the day.”[493] ----- Footnote 493: Ibid., p. 37. ----- The result of the surveys and investigations was an able report from Major Robinson, describing a range of country through which a railway could beneficially pass, extending in length to 635 miles, from Halifax to Quebec. The proposed route was determined with reference to the resources of the tract to be traversed, its accessibility, and facility of adaptation to the purpose, as well as its military and general advantages. After completing the plans and sections of the lines explored, the party, in September, 1848, returned to England and rejoined the survey department. The personal services of sergeant Calder on this duty are sufficiently interesting to receive notice in this place; and, with some little difference in points of duty and incident, may be taken as an average type of the individual adventures of the rest of the party. From Halifax to Folly Village, he surveyed a line of seventy-five miles with the barometer, and from thence, for twenty-five miles, measured the roads from the high-water mark of the Bay of Fundy, by taking the heights with the theodolite, using the angle of elevation and depression, and checking the same simultaneously, by barometrical observation. He afterwards traversed a varied country for about sixty miles to Amherst, from whence he carried on the survey, barometrically, to Mirimichi. The completion of another rough road of ten miles now took him fully into the wilderness, where he continued his work till the winter set in. During his labours in the woods he ran short of provisions. He was then in charge of twelve men, carrying with them 3 lbs. of pork, 1 lb. of oatmeal, and a small bag of ginger. Upon this scanty fare the party subsisted for three days; and, harassed as they were by hard travelling through a mountainous country, entangled with a tissue of bush and branches covered with deep snow, their fatigues and privations were considerably increased. Heavy loads also they carried, and so closely were the trees packed together, in the exuberant vegetation of the forest, that the adventurers not only had to tear themselves through the thicket, but were continually impeded by logs of fallen trees and tufts of stubborn underwood. On the evening of the third day the hunger of the men began to show its effects in emaciation and despondency. At this moment sergeant Calder found it necessary to relieve the party of the stores and abandon them in the woods. The theodolite and barometers he attached in a safe position to a tree. He then directed the men to use their utmost exertions in tracking a spot where provisions could be found. Scrambling down the banks of a large river they hurried onwards some six miles, when a newly-blazed tree was discovered, indicating the proximity of a lumbering camp. The blazed marks were followed further on for about five miles, and then, to the unbounded joy of the party, a light seen through the chinks of a log-hut on the opposite shore drew the men in the dark on a fallen tree across the stream to the desired camp, where their wants were appeased and their exhausted strength restored. Sergeant Calder acted with coolness and kindness throughout, and maintained the strictest discipline and order. He afterwards recovered the instruments and stores left in the woods, which his men, from weakness and want, had been unable to carry. In the second season the sergeant returned to the Cobiquid Mountains, the scene of his former exertions. This range was the vertebræ of the country, and the hinging point of an important tract in the route of the proposed railway. Some doubts were entertained as to the practicability of accurately ascertaining the gradients of this dangerous and unknown district, and had they not been determined, the scheme must have proved abortive; but sergeant Calder undertook the service, and accomplished it by means of rods and the spirit-level, to the entire satisfaction of his officers, verifying at the same time the correctness of his former investigations in connexion with the survey of the hills. After this, travelling 200 miles to Cape Canso, he surveyed a branch line along a rugged coast and through an intricate wilderness, to within a few miles of Pictou. In conducting this work one of his labourers was seized with fever. Calder took especial care of the man’s comforts, which, however, from the necessity of crossing rivers and lakes of great breadth on catamarans, or rafts of logs, were unavoidably much restricted. As he proceeded, the trials of the sergeant and his men multiplied, both from the fatigue of travelling and the want of provisions. Wild berries were eaten to supply the cravings of hunger; but to assuage the more fastidious necessities of the sick man, the berries were taken by him with a little sugar. What was most distressing at this time was the absence of all shelter from the inclement weather, and both hale and sick were therefore forced to stretch their limbs under the snow-laden boughs of some dwarf trees, exposed to the keenness of the night frost. At last the party arrived at a district known as the “Garden of Paradise”—a rugged and inhospitable region, where the men were benevolently entertained by some wild Highland settlers. Soon afterwards the sergeant journeyed to Halifax, where he completed the plans and sections of his surveys, and returned to England after a service with the exploration expedition of two years and three months.[494] ----- Footnote 494: This non-commissioned officer acquired, in his early service, a sound knowledge of surveying in all its branches. For more than eighteen years he had charge of large parties of surveyors and draughtsmen, and his systematic habits and intelligence rendered his assistance of great advantage. Well adapted for carrying out any arrangement connected with the survey, and for conducting the beneficial employment of large parties over extensive districts, he was, in 1846, selected for the exploration duty above referred to; and his report on a portion of the line, which embraced the intricate parts of the Cobiquid Mountains, was considered of sufficient interest to receive a place in the ‘Parliamentary Blue Book,’ on the subject of that railway. In April, 1853, he was pensioned at 1_s._ 11_d._ a-day, and, on quitting the corps, bent his course westward and settled in Canada. ----- A large increase to the army and artillery led to a proportionate increase to the royal sappers and miners. This was suggested by Sir John Burgoyne, the inspector-general of fortifications, to maintain a sufficient disposable force for employment in any military services rendered necessary by the exigencies of the times. Eight companies were ordered to be added to the corps, but their formation was spread over three or four years. The first addition gave, on the 1st April, 1846, 1 sergeant, 1 corporal, 1 second-corporal, and 8 privates to each of the 10 service companies; and a company numbered the 12th, of 100 non-commissioned officers and men, was formed at the same time. The corps was thus raised in establishment from 1,290 to 1,500, and on the 1st September it was further increased to 1,600, by the formation of the 15th company. The Corfu company remained at its original establishment of 62 sergeants and rank and file. On the 22nd July, eighteen rank and file embarked for China, and landed at Hong Kong on the 26th December. This was the third reinforcement to that command. When relieved in November, 1852, the party had dwindled away to 8 men: 7 had died, 2 deserted, and 1 was invalided. The total deaths in the three parties, whose united strength was 67, amounted to 27 men. The abandonment of the execution of some extensive works in Bermuda permitted the recall to England of the eighth company, which arrived at Woolwich on the 5th August, 1846. The strength of the company on landing at Bermuda was seventy-nine of all ranks. Of this number eight were invalided, thirty-eight had died, one was drowned, one killed, and one transported for desertion. Only thirty-one men, therefore, regained our shores. A reading-room was established for the corps at Southampton in the summer, which obtained much attention from distinguished visitors. The Marquis of Anglesey—then Master-General—presented an engraving of himself to the room, and the Queen also patronized it by presenting an engraving of his Royal Highness, Prince Albert.[495] In placing the gift in the room, Colonel Colby thus recorded the fact in a general order to the companies under his command;—“The valuable services of this distinguished corps, having been brought under Her Most Gracious Majesty’s notice by the ordnance surveys of Great Britain and Ireland, the demarcation of the boundary line between the British dominions and those of the United States in America, and more especially by the survey of the royal domains at Windsor and the duchy of Lancaster, Her Majesty has condescended to mark her gracious approval of these services, by ordering the presentation of a portrait of the Prince Albert to be placed in the reading-room.” ----- Footnote 495: A companion plate to Chalon’s portrait of Her Majesty. ----- Twice this year the second and eleventh companies were inspected by General Sir Robert Wilson, the Governor of Gibraltar—on the 16th May and 17th October. On both occasions they presented a very creditable appearance under arms. “The progress of the new work,” observes his Excellency, “attests their skill and indefatigable diligence, and their merits become the reputation of the service to which they belong.” The third company of three sergeants and forty-five rank and file, under Captain Wynne, R.E., received orders at ten o’clock at night on the 21st September, and in seven hours after was on route _viâ_ Liverpool for Dublin, where it arrived on the 24th. Placed at the disposal of the Irish Board of Works to oversee the poor during the continuance of the famine, which, from the failure of the potato crop was now the scourge of Ireland, the company was instantly removed in small parties to Limerick, Castlebar, Roscommon, Newcastle, Boyle, and Castlerea, retaining at Dublin as storekeeper and accountant for the Board sergeant John Baston.[496] From these several stations the men were again dispersed over districts of wild country, where the poor, clamorous for subsistence and life, were in a state of revolt. Numbers of these turbulent but starving people were employed on the construction of public roads, &c.; and the sappers, appointed their overseers, not only laid out their work, but instructed them in its performance. To this general duty several of them united the office of steward and inspecting check clerk; and besides controlling the check clerks, superintended and examined the measurements of tasks, and had a general supervision of all arrangements in the field. More than six months they continued on this duty, and returned to Woolwich on the 8th April, 1847, with a high character. ----- Footnote 496: Had charge of the implement store, at 48, City-quay, which embraced the receipts and issues of thousands of wheelbarrows and hand-carts, and a great assortment of road and draining tools. These sergeant Baston was often employed to purchase, and to obtain them he perambulated both town and country. The duties entrusted to him were performed with promptitude, accuracy, and fidelity. Mr. M‘Mahon, the civil engineer, found him an exceedingly useful and zealous assistant. He is now colour-sergeant in the corps; is a well-read and talented man, and his qualifications as an artificer and overseer have rendered him capable of much higher employment. He joined the corps a lad, from the royal military asylum, and his acquirements and usefulness have entirely arisen from his own application. Besides his home services, he has passed with credit about seventeen years at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Corfu. ----- The works superintended by them were always distinguished from other works by the superior order and discipline which they enforced, not unfrequently in circumstances of great personal danger, and during a winter of unusual severity. In detecting frauds and correcting abuses they were found particularly valuable; and their uniform zeal, ability and good conduct, met with the perfect satisfaction of the Board of Works and the Lords of the Treasury. Even Daniel O’Connell spoke favourably of their employment.[497] The working pay of the men while under the relief board ranged between 1_s._ and 2_s._ 6_d._ a-day. ----- Footnote 497: The ‘Times,’ November 4, 1846. ----- While on this novel service, private George Windsor, from the upright way in which he performed his duty, made himself obnoxious to the peasantry in the lawless district of Croom; and but for the gallantry with which he defended himself, would probably have lost his life. On the 26th December this private was employed in the barony of Cashma on the Pullough line of road, and on passing down the line in advance of the check clerk and a number of labourers, &c., was met by two persons dressed in women’s clothes, with veils hanging from their bonnets covering their faces. One was armed with a gun, the other with a pistol. Presenting their pieces, they ordered him to kneel, but this the private refused, and though he was unarmed, the ruffians at once closed upon him. At this moment Windsor seized the person armed with the pistol, (dexterously thrusting his finger between the trigger and the guard,) and getting hold of his throat with the other hand, they fell together, fortunately in such a way that the desperado with the gun could not, without injuring his accomplice, shoot the sapper. He, therefore, beat Windsor with the butt-end of his piece. Several minutes the struggle was maintained strangely enough in the presence of a large number of stewards and labourers; and had he met with the slightest assistance from any of them, would have captured both the offenders; but incredulous as it may appear, it must be added to the disgrace of Irishmen that, just as he had overpowered the ruffian with the pistol, a man named Joseph Lindsay[498]—brother to the check clerk—came forward, and dislodging Windsor’s grasp, aided the parties to decamp! For his spirited and manly conduct in the attack, private Windsor was promoted to be second-corporal. ----- Footnote 498: Afterwards tried and convicted for the offence at the Limerick Spring Assizes, 1847.—‘Saunders’s News-Letter,’ March 9, 1847. ----- Private Edward West received three threatening notices through the post-office warning him not to appear at work again on pain of death, adding that, if he did, he should “drop into a bit of a hole already dug for his carcase.” Unmoved by these missives, the private was always the first on the line; and when the labourers were collected, he told them he had received the notices, and then burning them in their presence, observed in a loud voice, “that would be the way his intended murderers would be served at another time.” Once he was attacked by a party from behind a hedge with stones. Struck on the head, he was stunned for a few moments, and nearly fell. On recovering, he boldly dashed over the hedge to meet his assailants, but the cowards made a precipitate retreat. Thirty men suspected of being concerned in the assault were at once dismissed from employment. Six other men were promoted for their coolness, as well as tact and fidelity, in carrying on their appointed services. Of these private William Baker was perhaps the most conspicuous. A brief detail of his services will show the nature of his duties and the difficulties he had to contend with. Detached to Shonkeragh, eight Irish miles from Roscommon, he was placed over a number of labourers who were in the last stage of insubordination. At first they took their own time of going to work and quitting it, although the regulations required them to be present from 7 A.M. till 5 P.M. To train them to punctuality was not an easy matter, but by checking them and carrying out a firm discipline he soon gained his point. That there should be no excuse for absence, he employed a strong boy to blow a tin horn on the top of the highest hill, central among the cabins of the workmen, to call them to work, and at its sound the rapid gathering of the poor at the rendezvous, on all occasions, showed their willingness to be guided by any useful reform. This command over a half-civilized class of men made his services very desirable in irregular districts; and among several places where he was beneficially employed was Drumshanaugh—a desolate spot where a knot of Molly Maguires held sway, and obtained payment without work, by intimidating the civil overseers, who feared the consequences of not yielding to their exactions. The farmers' sons and others who had plenty of cattle were receiving 4_d._ a day more than the people who really did work, and 300_l._ in this way were paid for bad labour not worth 50_l._ With these labourers he had a trying duty to perform; but, amid threats and insubordination, he calmly effected his purpose, and suppressed both the spirit of turbulence and the practice of fraud. The labourers received from 4_d._ to 8_d._ and 9_d._ a day, and the rough wall builders 1_s._ 6_d._, in strict proportion to the work executed. When task-work was introduced, it was difficult to remove the prejudices which set in against the change, and quicken into zeal the indolence which followed. To carry out the instructions of the Board of Works, private Baker selected some of the mildest men of his party to work at easy tasks, by which they earned 11_d._ a day—3_d._ more than formerly. At the end of the week the overseer made a point of this, and paying his choice men first, made suitable remarks as they received their money. Next came the day-men, who being checked for wet days and lost time, only averaged about 3_s._ 2_d._ a week. The disparity of the payments had a wonderful effect, and ever afterwards the system of task labour was eagerly preferred by the peasantry. Deception, however, soon crept into the tasks, which it required some tact and alertness to detect. In excavations, the labourers frequently came in contact with stone, and for such quantities as they dug out and heaped up, they were paid by the cubic yard; but often these heaps were merely superficial. In every such case private Baker had the mass pulled down and solidly repiled. Acts of repetition were followed by the dismissal of the delinquents, despite the danger it involved. When this cheat failed they resorted to another, by rolling large stones into the heaps from adjacent places; but as these always bore unmistakeable evidence of exposure to rain and wear, the private never omitted to reject them from the pile. On several occasions when threatening notices of death were posted up prohibiting the civil overseers and check-clerks from returning to a particular line, a car was despatched, even at midnight, to bring private Baker to the excited district. Next morning, appearing at his dangerous post, unarmed, he would pacify or humour the desperados into order and tranquillity. When a pay-clerk was discharged, the regular payments were for a time interrupted, and the labourers would clamour for a settlement. In Baker’s district there were four lines, three of which were superintended by civilians: the labourers on them were about 700. These threatened daily to go in a body to Boyle, and, should they fail to get their pay, to take the lives of the engineer and his clerks, and burn down the town. Baker represented the state of affairs to the authorities; and on his own recommendation obtained permission from Boyle to give checks for meal upon a tradesman in Carrick-on-Shannon. By this means he fed the people, and kept their irritation in successful check. These periods of disorder occurred two or three times, till pay-clerks were appointed to succeed those who were discharged or had resigned. The pay-clerks seldom paid without the protection of a sapper, who frequently, in instances of dispute, took the bag with its responsibilities and perils, and served out the wages himself. So well did private Baker manage the matter at a wild place in Cashel, that the labourers stood round like soldiers to receive their earnings; and to prevent litigation or seizure, the money was handed to the recipients through an aperture in the pay-hut.[499] ----- Footnote 499: Baker became a second-corporal, and fell heroically at the first storming of the Redan, 18th June, 1855. ----- Frauds were very common; and when detected, the offenders were dismissed. Several civil overseers were, however, afraid to place themselves in opposition to the populace; and a sapper working on one line has in such instances been sent to another to perform the duty. This, of course, produced much ill-feeling against the sappers; but beyond a few threats and an occasional attack, the sappers passed from the country without material hurt. The survey of Southampton was completed late this year for the Southampton Improvement Board. A detachment of the corps, directed by Captain Yolland, R.E., under the local superintendence of sergeant William Campbell, executed the work. The map, on a scale of 60 inches to a mile, occupies thirty-five large sheets, which have been magnificently bound in bureau folio, and placed in the municipal archives of the town. Sergeant Campbell attended at a meeting of the Commissioners on the 31st March, 1847, and presented the map, on the part of the Ordnance to the Corporation. The work is one of extreme beauty. A more artistical display of ornamental surveying does not exist. The stonework of the pavement, the styles of the public buildings, the masonry of the graving-dock, the undulation of the silt on the shores, and small streams of water running into it from the coast, the gardens of private houses, and the trees and shrubberies of the common, are all delineated with a minuteness of detail and beauty of colouring unexampled in any town map in England. Even the map of Windsor, which obtained the approbation of Her Majesty for its accuracy and exquisite finish, is much inferior to the map of Southampton. The draughtsmen were second-corporals Charles Holland[500] and George Vincent, with Patrick Hogan,[500] late royal sappers and miners, and Mr. Maclachlan.[501] The Commissioners of the town gave a unanimous vote of thanks to Captain Yolland, the sappers, and the assistants for the survey and map of the borough, and also expressed “the high sense they entertained of the great ability and unrivalled skill displayed in the execution of the work.” A committee was formed to take steps for rewarding Captain Yolland and sergeant Campbell “with an adequate testimonial of the Commissioners' high approbation of the work;” but the intended honour, on military grounds, was declined.[502] ----- Footnote 500: Each received a case of instruments from Prince Albert for merit in the execution of a drawing of Windsor. Footnote 501: ‘Hampshire Telegraph,’ January 30th, 1847; ‘Hampshire Advertiser,’ April 3, 1847. Footnote 502: ‘Hampshire Advertiser,’ April 3, 1847. ----- 1847. Detachments in South Australia—Corporal W. Forrest—Augmentation to the corps—Destruction of the Bogue and other forts—Services of the detachment at Canton—First detachment to New Zealand—Survey of Dover and Winchelsea—Also of Pembroke—Flattering allusion to the corps—Sir John Richardson’s expedition to the Arctic regions—Cedar Lake—Private Geddes’s encounter with the bear—Winter quarters at Cumberland House—Roadmaking in Zetland—Active services at the Cape—Company to Portsmouth. The detachment in South Australia was in July, 1845, on the representation of his Excellency Lieutenant-Governor Grey, ordered to be reduced, its employment being considered no longer necessary or advantageous to the province. Scarcely had steps been taken to effect its disbandment, when Governor Grey, removed to another settlement, was succeeded by Colonel Robe, who, taking a different view of the services of the party, submitted the desirableness of its immediate completion to the authorized establishment. In this suggestion Earl Grey concurred, regarding it of the greatest importance that the survey department in the province should not be permitted to fall into arrear in its work; and under authority, dated 22nd October, 1846, a party of seven mechanics, who were also surveyors and draughtsmen, sailed for Port Adelaide in February and landed there the 30th June.[503] ----- Footnote 503: One of the party discharged under Governor Grey’s order was corporal William Forrest. Governor Robe, in a despatch to Earl Grey, spoke of his entire approbation of the corporal’s conduct, both as a soldier and surveyor. Captain Frome, the surveyor-general, attributed the rapid progress of the field surveys, and the general correctness of the work, to his steady zeal and talent. At first he superintended four or five detached survey parties, and laid out and corrected their work; but when a sufficient quantity of land had been divided into sections, corporal Forrest was transferred to the triangulation of the known portions of the colony, and connected all the detached surveys with the trigonometrical stations. This service he conducted in a most satisfactory and creditable manner. Returning to England, he was discharged in April, 1848, and is now living, in ease and comfort, at Edinburgh on his pension and his savings. ----- The corps was increased by 200 men this year, on account of the formation of a company on the 1st April, and another on the 1st December. These companies were numbered the seventeenth and eighteenth; and the establishment now reached a total of 1,800 officers and soldiers. When the estimates for the year were under consideration in the House of Commons, Colonel Anson, the surveyor-general of the Ordnance, in claiming an increased amount to cover the augmentation, passed a high eulogium on the corps. After speaking in flattering terms of the royal engineers, the Colonel added, “He might say as much for the sappers and miners. This body was composed of most intelligent men, who applied themselves most assiduously to the discharge of their duties, and were equal to any services which they might be called upon to perform.”[504] ----- Footnote 504: Debates in the ‘Times,’ March 6, 1847 ----- Thirty-five non-commissioned officers and men accompanied the expedition from Hong Kong to Canton, under Captain Durnford and Lieutenant Da Costa, R.E., and were present at the capture of the Bogue and other forts in the Canton river on the 2nd and 3rd April. The forts taken were fourteen in number, and 865 heavy guns were rendered useless by spiking, while a number of barbaric weapons were captured.[505] ----- Footnote 505: About twenty of these curious arms, all of the spear form, but grotesquely varied, are in the model-room of the royal engineer establishment at Chatham. ----- The sappers were in advance, and opened the gates of the forts for the assaults, and afterwards destroyed the magazines and assisted to spike the guns. Privates James Cummins and James Smith placed the powder-bags on the gates.[506] Corporal Hugh Smith[507] laid the trains to two forts, and was favourably mentioned by Major Aldrich, R.E., to Sir John Davis, the Governor, and Major-General D’Aguilar. Sergeants Joseph Blaik[508] and Benjamin Darley[509] conspicuously distinguished themselves: the former blew in the gate of Zigzag Fort, and the latter blew up the magazine at Napier’s Fort. ----- Footnote 506: Both died in China; the former on the 15th August, and the latter 15th September, 1847. Footnote 507: Discharged 8th October, 1850. He was then a sergeant. See _ante_, Syria, 1841. Footnote 508: Died at Hong-Kong, 15th August, 1848. Footnote 509: Now colour-sergeant in the corps stationed at New Zealand. ----- At Canton the sappers were employed in barricading streets, making scaling-ladders, &c., and pulling down houses, walls, and other obstructions required to be removed. “My own observations,” wrote Colonel Phillpotts, the commanding royal engineer in China, “of the cheerful and ready manner in which they at all times performed their various and arduous duties by day, and often by night, demands my most marked approbation.” The gallant conduct of sergeant Blaik attracted the notice of Major-General D’Aguilar, for which he was promoted to the rank of colour-sergeant. The whole detachment remained at Canton until the 8th April; but on the troops quitting for Hong Kong four of the sappers were left behind, and assisted Lieutenant Da Costa, R.E., in making a survey of the European factories at that commercial emporium, until the 14th May, 1847, when they rejoined the detachment at Victoria. On the 10th April one sergeant and twelve rank and file embarked at Deptford on board the ‘Ramilies,’ and landed at Auckland, New Zealand, on the 9th August. This was the first party of the corps detached to that remote settlement. From April to June one sergeant and twelve rank and file from Chatham, under Captain McKerlie, R.E., assisted in the survey and contouring of Dover, within a range of a thousand yards from the fortifications. Early in the previous year five non-commissioned officers and men were employed in a military survey of portions of Winchelsea. Pembroke was also surveyed by a party of one sergeant and eight men from the survey companies, between April and December, under Captain Chaytor, R.E. This survey included the docks, dockyard, and property in its immediate vicinity, to enable measures to be taken for raising essential defensive works to protect the place. The survey was well executed; and private John Wall,[510] who remained at the duty until March 1848, executed with neatness and accuracy, the required plans. ----- Footnote 510: Discharged October, 1848, and is now employed with advantage as a draughtsman on the Ordnance Survey. ----- About this period the survey operations of the corps, both in the triangulation and the detail duty, were very conspicuous, and drew from the greatest of the daily London journals, in a leader, a high commendation for its services and trials. The language of the article is too forcible and brilliant to justify abridgment, and the complimentary passage is therefore given entire.—“An Englishman has a constitutional repugnance to the intrusion of soldiers into civil duties; he would rather pay them to walk about than to work, and he chooses to make a separate and private hiring of his own police. Ordinarily, soldiers are unwelcome visitors to him, seldom appearing but at the beck of some scared sheriff or meddling mayor, to correct his refractory disposition. But there is a corps which is often about him, unseen and unsuspected, and which is labouring as hard for him in peace as others do in war. If he lives near a cathedral city, he may perhaps have occasionally observed a small wooden cradle perched on the very summit of the spire or tower, and he may have pitied, perhaps, the adventurous mason who had undertaken the job. That cradle contained three sappers and miners, stationed there for five or six weeks to make surveys, and who only quitted their abode for another equally isolated and airy. Within these last five years, a handful of these men, with an engineer officer, have been frozen upon the peak of a Welsh mountain, on an allowance of provisions fit for the sixth month of a siege, and with no more possibility of communicating with the scanty natives of the place, than if they had been shipwrecked on the Sandwich Islands.”[511] ----- Footnote 511: The ‘Times,’ 8th March, 1847. ----- A party of fifteen men, selected from a number of volunteers by Sir John Richardson, joined the expedition under his orders to the Arctic seas in June. The object of the mission was to search for Sir John Franklin and his crews, by tracing the coast between the Mackenzie and Coppermine Rivers, and the shores also of Victoria and Wollaston lands, lying opposite to Cape Krusenstern. All the men were intelligent artizans, accustomed to boat service and laborious employment. They were, moreover, strongly built, of good physical powers, and, with one exception, bore excellent characters. The defaulter was addicted to drinking, but in other respects he was a good and active workman. Knowing that there would be no means of obtaining intoxicating drinks in Rupert’s Land, Sir John Richardson accepted his services, and he turned out an invaluable man. Seven of the party were carpenters, joiners, and sawyers, one was a miner, one a painter, and six were blacksmiths, armourers, and engineers, who were found useful in repairing the boats, working up iron, constructing the domicile for the winter residence of the expedition, and making the furniture required for its few and simple wants.[512] To suit the hard climate of the Arctic zone, each man was provided with a flannel jacket and trousers, a stout blue Guernsey frock, a waterproof overcoat and cap, and a pair of leggings. They also wore mocassins and leather coats, when the nature of the season and their employment rendered it necessary.[513] ----- Footnote 512: Sir John Richardson’s ‘Journal of a Boat Voyage through Rupert’s Land and the Arctic,’ edit. 1851, p. 43. Footnote 513: Ibid., p. 44. ----- On the 4th June the men were discharged from the corps, and sailed on the 15th from the Thames in the ‘Prince of Wales,’ and the ‘Westminster.’ Delayed much by ice in Hudson’s Straits, they had a long passage, and it was not until about the middle of September that the stores for the journey were wholly landed.[514] As soon as this service was effected, the expedition, with a number of hired men, quitted Norway House in five boats, which, from being “often stranded and broken in the shallow waters, caused frequent detention for repairs.” Overtaken by winter in Cedar Lake, Mr. Bell, who had charge of the expedition until Sir John Richardson arrived, made this a depôt, where he stored the boats and goods in a suitable house constructed by the sappers. Several of the party were left here to take care of the _matériel_, and also the women and children, who were unequal to a long journey over the snow. ----- Footnote 514: Ibid., pp. 46, 47. ----- In October the bulk of the expedition started for Cumberland House, and reached it on the eighth day after leaving Cedar Lake. On the first day’s journey private Hugh Geddes and a half-caste Indian were attacked by a bear on Muddy Lake. The latter fired three times at the beast without bringing him down. Neither of them now had any ammunition; but Geddes, who was incapable of much exertion from an axe wound in the foot, anticipating the peril, forgot his pains and felled two young birch trees, one of which he handed to his companion: with these formidable defensors both made a desperate onslaught on the raging bear, but it was not until after much labour and hazard that they succeeded in slaying it. In due time they sleighed his huge carcase to the rendezvous at Cedar Lake. At Cumberland House one of the divisions passed the winter, and was kept in constant employment by attending to several seasonable occupations, such as cutting firewood, driving sledges with meat or fish, and fulfilling a round of services no less laborious than necessary. They also established a fishery on the Beaver Lake, two days' march north of the depôt.[515] ----- Footnote 515: Sir John Richardson’s ‘Journal of a Boat Voyage through Rupert’s Land and the Arctic,’ edit. 1851, p. 47. ----- From July to December three rank and file were employed under Captain T. Webb, R.E., in surveying and laying out roads in Zetland, in connection with the Central Board for the Relief of Destitution in the Islands of Scotland. This service was ordered by the Home Government, and the party returned to Woolwich when the winter had fairly set in. Second-corporal Harnett was well reported of for his intelligence and capabilities, and the two privates for their industry and exertions. At the Cape of Good Hope the two companies were distributed to fifteen posts and forts on the frontier. On the 2nd May the sapper force there was increased to 198 of all ranks by the arrival of thirty-five men, under Lieutenant Jesse, R.E. Between the 14th September and 23rd December one sergeant and sixteen rank and file were in the field, under Captain Walpole, R.E. They had with them an assortment of carpenters' and smiths' tools, engineer stores, and a quantity of intrenching tools, besides a large five-oared cutter, and the materials and gear to form a raft of casks. From the 1st to 6th December, eleven of these men were actively employed in transporting men and provisions to a large portion of the division on the left bank of the Kei, under Lieutenant Jervois, R.E., at a time when the rise of the river prevented any intercourse by waggons. During the six days, the party exerted themselves in a most praiseworthy manner, and sergeant Alexander McLeod was particularly active and zealous. Between the 21st November and 1st December, three sappers, with a party of the line, under Lieutenant Stokes, R.E., opened a road for waggons in the Amatola mountains, and constructed a temporary bridge across the Keiskama. Before the execution of this service provisions were conveyed to the camp in the mountains on mules, and hence the transit was slow and uncertain. On the representation of Colonel Lewis, R.E., a company of full strength was removed from Chatham to Portsmouth, on the 22nd December. Its employment was confined to the erection and repair of such works as could not be undertaken by contract, such as strengthening the fortifications, repairing gates, laying platforms, curbs, &c. It was also considered indispensable to retain a company in that command, to execute, in the event of a war suddenly breaking out, the numerous wants likely to occur in such an emergency. INDEX TO VOL. I. Aboukir, 136 Acre, 364 Acting adjutants, 297 Adam, Sub-Lieutenant, 221, 229, 231, 238, 241 Adamson, Sub-Lieutenant, 216, 219 Addiscombe, 301 Addison, sergeant, 267 Adour, bridge of the, 213–215 Africa, 267, 285 Airy, Professor, 391, 425 Alba, 195 Albert, Prince, 445, 446, 470 Alderney, 173 Aldrich, Lieutenant, 364, 365; Major, 442, 480 Allan, quartermaster, 416 ——, Walter, 127 Allen, Francis, quartermaster-sergeant, 290 Alexander, Andrew, private, 195 ——, quartermaster, R.H.A., 106 ——, Emperor of Russia, 221 Alexandria, 136 Algiers, 243 Allowances to officers commanding companies, 43, 66 America, disputed territory in, 347, 357, 378 ——, tracing and surveying boundary line in, 415, 448–454 ——, exploration survey in, for a railway, 465–469 Anderson, Andrew, 361 ——, James, private, 373 Andrews, James, private, 257, 285 Anglesey, Marquis of, 470 Anholt, 181 Aniers, bridge over the Seine at, 238 Anniversary of siege of Gibraltar, 42 Antigua, 82, 255, 270 Antwerp, 218, 221 Arctic expedition, 481–483 _Arethusa_, 284 Argenteuil, bridge over the Seine at, 238 Arms and accoutrements, 198, 244, 310, 428–430 Armstrong, Sub-Lieutenant, 231 Arnold, Lieutenant, 145 Arthur, Major-General, 324 Artificers, formation of corps of, 53–55, 58–64 Artillery, transfers to, 105; mutiny in the, 112, Ascension, island of, 279, 282 Ashplant, John, private, 465 Auger, Richard, 310–321, 328–340 Augmentations, 6, 8, 17, 88, 45, 157, 182, 265, 266, 267, 271, 273, 342, 344, 356, 368, 379, 469, 479 Australia, 310–321, 328–340, 342, 478 Badajoz, 179, 191–193 Bagshot camp, 78 Bailey, bugle-major, 247 ——, Edward, private, 442 Bain, corporal, 117 Baker, William, second-corporal, 473–475 Ballingall, private, 250 Baltimore, 223 Barbadoes, 248, 254, 256, 258, 283, 284, 291 Barbara and St. Felipe, forts of, 177 Barber, John, private, 177 Barlow, Lieutenant, 435 Barnecoat, Edward, private, 393; corporal, 458 Barns, Joseph, sergeant, 458 Barrosa, 181 Barry, Colonel, 441 Bastard, corporal, 451 Baston, sergeant, 471 Bay of Biscay O!, 77 Bayonne, 215 Beal, corporal, 279, 282 Beatty, Captain, 461 Beauharnois, 325 Beer, William, corporal, 111 Bennett, Captain, 157 ——, quartermaster-sergeant, 257 Bennie, William, private, 409 Berbice, 143, 270 Bergenopzoom, 219 Bermuda, 196, 199, 254, 255, 256, 271, 291, 379, 426, 434, 440, 441, 470 Berry, William, private, 267 Berryhead, 105 Bethell, private, 36 Biggs, private, 415 Binney, Lieutenant, 434 Birch, Captain, 152, 180 Black, William, sergeant, 299, 300, 301, 364, 365, 367 Blackadder, corporal, 193 Bladensburg, 223 Blaik, Joseph, sergeant, 399, 428, 480 Blair, corporal, 5 Blanshard, Captain, 215, 223; Major, 266, 289, 303 Blyth, sergeant, 18 ——, Sand, submarine demolitions at, 399 Board of Works, Ireland, 471–476 Bogue forts, 479 Bombarde, 103 Bonavia, Sub-Lieutenant, 155 Bond, William, private, 193 Booth, Sub-Lieutenant, 194, 196 Booth, Ensign, 6 Boothby, Captain, 170 Borland, private, 204 Borthwick, corporal, 182 Boteler, Captain, 207, 267 Boundary survey. See “America” Bourchier, Lieutenant, 399, 456–458 Bows, private, 93 Boyer, fort, 225 Brabant, private, 351 Braid, private, 207 Brand, corporal, 5; sergeant, 20, 34; Lieutenant, 33–36 Brandreth, Lieutenant, 270, 279, 282 Brennan, John, private, 218, 219 Bridges, Lieutenant, 84; Lieutenant-Colonel, 141 ——, sergeant-major, 3, 5 Brighton, 84 Bristo, private, 94, 95 Broughton, Captain, 356, 378, 449 Brown, Captain, 227 ——, Daniel, corporal, 149, 275 ——, George, private, 17, 28 ——, quartermaster-sergeant, 364, 367 ——, John, sergeant, 6 ——, Thomas, sergeant, 254 ——, widow, Sultana of Morocco, 7 Browne, sergeant-major, 111, 132 Browning, private, 393 Brownrigg, Lieutenant, 117, 118 Bruges, 117 Brussels, 230, 234 Bruyeres, Captain, 105 Bryce, Captain, 129, 132, 137; Lieutenant-Colonel, 171 Buchanan, Captain, 173, 189 Buenos Ayres, 153, 162 Bugles adopted, 247 Bull-fight, 415 Bunn, private, 214 Burgess, sergeant, 111 Burgos, 194 Burgoyne, Captain, 162, 166; Lieutenant-Colonel, 194 Burke, Patrick, private, 192, 195 Burmester, Lieutenant, 306 Burrell, William, private, 92 Burridge, private, 385–387 By, Lieutenant-Colonel, 285 Byham, R., secretary to Board of Ordnance, 68 Cadiz, 129–130, 165, 176, 181, 184, 193, 195 Calder, Sub-Lieutenant, 181, 200, 211, 223, 243 ——, sergeant, 465–469 Calshot castle, 104 Calvi, 93 Cameron, John, private, 107 ——, John, sergeant, 181 ——, John, sergeant, 380 ——, Roderick, private, 373, 377, 393, 396 Campbell, David, private, 243 ——, John, sergeant, 362, 457 ——, Malcolm, private, 392 ——, William, sergeant, 476 Cambo, 206 Camps, 78, 84 Canada, 88, 199, 222, 226, 254, 257, 272, 285–287, 324, 401 Canton, 479, 480 Cape Breton, 167, 174, 177, 185 Cape of Good Hope, 153, 167, 174, 185, 254, 259, 272, 291, 293, 362, 384–388, 431–433, 444, 454–459, 483 Carey, James, corporal, 20 Caribbee islands, 101, 109, 118 Carlin, sergeant, 379, 380 Carlisle, Lord, speech against formation of corps, 62 Carthagena, 195 Castelcicala, Prince di, 68 Castledine, corporal, 455 Catalonia, 200 Cathcart, Lord, 63 Catto, sergeant, 132 Cave at Gibraltar, 51 Ceuta, 177 Ceylon, 141, 185 Chambers, sergeant-major, 20 Chatham, 65, 73, 132, 157, 184, 248, 254, 255, 256, 283, 289, 291, 292, 308, 441 Chatou, 238 Chaytor, Captain, 480 Chelmsford, 121, 149 Chesney, Colonel, 297 Chilcot, Captain, 93 China, 427, 442, 470, 479 Cholera, 292 Christie, Sir Archibald, 283 Clarence, Duke of, 255, 256 Clark, George, private, 107 ——, John, private, 92 ——, Philip, sergeant, 460–464 Clarke, Samuel, private, 204 Cleghorn, Alexander, private, 393, 396, 420, 424, 440 Clinton, Lieutenant-General, 221 Colby, Major, 257; Colonel, 264, 273, 403, 408, 470 Cole, Lieutenant, 221 Coles, John, 310–321, 328–340 Colleton, Sir James, 261, 266, 278 Collinson, Captain, 427 Colquhoun, Colonel, R.A., 306, 322 Colville, Sir Charles, 243 Comfort, private, 122 Commissions from the ranks into the Engineers, 35, 85 Congella, action at, 385 Connolly, James, private, 145 Connor, Owen, private, 204, 206 Contract, works to be executed by, 278 Cook, Joshua, private, 87 ——, Thomas P., sergeant, 359, 361, 457 Coombs, corporal, 239 Copenhagen, 163 Corfu, 222, 249, 254, 255, 259, 265, 291 Cormack, William, private, 204 Corsica, 93 Coruña, 168 Cottey, corporal, 111 Cottingham, sergeant, 355 Councill, corporal, 206, 238 Courtenay, Mr., opposition of, to formation of corps, 63 Cowan, Adam, private, 119; sergeant, 164 Cowes, 96 Craig, John, private, 369, 370 Crawford, William, private, 362 Creighton, corporal, 220 Crockett, private, 410 Crowdy, private, 393, 396 Crozier, Lieutenant, 101, 102 Cuidad Rodrigo, 190 Cummins, James, private, 479 Dacosta, Lieutenant, 479, 480 D’Aguilar, Major-General, 442 Daniel, sergeant, 20 Danish islands, 133, 164, 169, 175 D’Arcy, Captain, 120, 132; Major, 157; Lieutenant-Colonel, 163, 171 Darley, Benjamin, sergeant, 480 Dalhousie, Lord, 275 Darbyshire, sergeant, 291, 293 Dashwood, Lieutenant, 297 Davie, Sub-Lieutenant, 176, 180 Davis, John, sergeant, 203 Dawson, Mr. James, 426 Deane, corporal, 285 Deary, Noah, 295, 387 Debbieg, Colonel, 53, 57 De Butts, Lieutenant, 87 Delabeche, Sir Henry, 445, 446 Delacourt, private, 170 Demerara, 143, 255 Demolitions, submarine, 325, 348–353, 358–362, 372–378, 392–399, 419–424, 435–440, 441 De Salaberry, Lieutenant, 180 Desertion, efforts to prevent, 111 Designation of corps, 3, 189, 197 Detachments for service, 120, 124 Develin, corporal, 194 Dickens, Lieutenant, 50; Colonel, 154 ——, Captain, 206 Disaffection of corps, 81 Discipline of corps, 51, 245, 251 Diving. See “Demolitions” Dodds, private, 204 Donnelly, Henry, corporal, 235 Doran, private, 193 Douglas, Archibald, private, 94 ——, James, private, 117, 175 corporal, 191 Doull, Alexander, Mr., 345, 405 Douro, 201 Dover, 105, 132, 149, 157, 184, 248, 480 ——, Round Down Cliff at, 415 Dowling, William, private, 207 Down, John, corporal, 322 Dowse, Lieutenant, 92, 93 Dress, 47–50, 69–71, 79, 90, 99, 114, 133, 140, 197, 247, 249, 258, 262, 263, 279–281, 287, 292, 305, 371, 459 Drew, Lieutenant, 68 ——, Major, R.A., 68 Drummond, William, private, 86 ——, Captain, 268 Drums abolished, 247 Drunkenness, 96 Dublin, 425, 471 Duncan, Andrew, private, 359; corporal, 408 Dundas’s drill, 84 Dunkirk, siege of, 85 Dunn, James, private, 204 Dunnett, sergeant, 272, 276, 277 Duplat, Captain, 303 Duport, Captain, R.A., 248 Durant, private, 194 Durham, Lord, 324 Durnford, Elias, Colonel, 86, 90, 93 ——, Lieutenant, 91, 92; Colonel, 276, 278 ——, E. W., Colonel, 73 ——, E. W., Lieutenant, 261 ——, Captain, 479 Dyson, corporal, 143 Eastbourne, 149, 174, 185 East India Company, 322, 393, 394, 396, 419, 428, 435–440, 442 Eaves, Sub-Lieutenant, 132, 166 Edgar, wreck of, 422, 435 Edmonds, corporal, 369–371 Edrington, private, 300, 301 Egypt, 132, 135–138, 162 Elba, 94 Ellis, Mr. George, 329 Elphinstone, Captain, 165 Emmett, Captain, 223; Major, 242 Engineer establishment in France and Netherlands, 236, 239 Enlistment into corps, opposition to, 73 Entwistle, sergeant, 379 Epidemics, 109, 146, 199, 255, 279, 426 Equilateral pontoons, 416 Erie, fort, 222 Esla, bridge, 201 Essequibo, 143 Estcourt, Colonel, 415, 449, 453 Establishment for field instruction, Chatham, 188 Euphrates expedition, 297–301 Evans, Thomas, corporal, 204 ——, James, draughtsman, 50 Evatt, Lieutenant, 93, 104; Captain, 154, 157; Colonel, 177 Evelegh, Lieutenant, 4, 6; Captain, 44; Colonel, 99, 132 Evelin, John, corporal, 111 Exmouth, Lord, 19 Exploration survey for a railway in America, 465–469 Eyre, Lieutenant, 217 Fairbairn, John, private, 86 Falconer, Sub-Lieutenant, 185 Falkland islands, 388–391, 412–415, 434, 446 Falmouth, 121 Faris, Lieutenant, 232 Faro, 222, 228 Farrington, Colonel, R.A., 112 Featherstone, Joseph, private, 107 Featherstonhaugh, Mr., 347, 356, 378 Fenwick, Captain, 132 ——, Robert, Captain, 426 Fevers, 82, 93, 103, 109, 118, 127, 146, 173, 255, 256, 279, 367, 426 Feversham, 258 Fez, 7 Finch, Thomas, sergeant, 20 Fires, 37, 246, 392 Fisher, Benjamin, corporal, 299, 300, 301 ——, Lieutenant-Colonel, 132 Fitzgerald, Lieutenant-Colonel, 275 Fitzherbert, Mrs., 85 Flanders, 83, 85, 88, 94, 117 Flannagan, John, private, 204 Fleming, William, private, 92 Fletcher, Lieutenant, 91, 102, 128; Captain, 157, 163; Lieutenant-Colonel, 169 Flushing, 171 Forbes, Joseph, sergeant-major, 171 ——, James, corporal, 278, 279; sergeant-major, 296, 297, 416–419 ——, Thomas, corporal, 451 Ford, Lieutenant, 107; Captain, 137, 157 ——, Charles, corporal, 204 Foremen of works, 294 Forrest, William, corporal, 478 Fortifications, Duke of Richmond’s plan for the, 55–57 Fortune, sergeant-major, 117 Frame, William, private, 438 France, 237–242, 243, 245–247, 249–252 Francia, Antonio, corporal, 21 ——, Francis, consul at San Roque, 21 Fraser, John, 21 ——, Peter, corporal, 5 ——, quartermaster-sergeant, 379 ——, Samuel, private, 185 Frederic fort, Holland, 217 French, Henry, Mr., 294 Fyers, William, Colonel, 132 ——, T., Captain, 157; Colonel, 171, 288 Galloway, quartermaster, 210, 296 Garrison duty, corps excused from, 41, 68 Garnham, Alfred, 448, 449 Geddes, Hugh, 483 Genoa, 222, 227 Gibb, Sub-Lieutenant, 191, 196, 222, 242, 255 ——, C. J., Lieutenant, 384–388 Gibraltar, 1–9, 130, 132, 138, 146, 154, 157, 184, 199, 242, 248, 254, 258, 279, 291, 292, 403, 427, 435, 446, 470 ——, siege of, 10–28; galleries, 14–16, 25, 29–32; St. George’s Hall, 16; King’s Bastion, 7, 9; model of, 9; Orange Bastion, 25; anniversary of siege, 42; privileges of corps at, 50; cave under signal-house at, 51; wish of the Jews at, 71; companies at, incorporated with the corps, 106; naval tank at, 123. See also “Gibraltar” Gidens, corporal, 298 Girvan, John, private, 393, 398, 419–421, 423, 439 Glacière Bastion, Quebec, 275 Gleig, the Rev. G. R., opinion of corps, 383 Glenie, Lieutenant, 57, 63 Glenmorgan schooner, 325 Gold Coast, 267 Goldfinch, Captain, 195; Major, 201 Gordon, Captain, (Malta) 127 ——, Alexander, Captain, 427 ——, James, private (Viscount Kenmure) 256 Gorman, James, corporal, 214 Gosport, 65, 73, 132, 157, 184 Gosset, Lieutenant, 424 Gossett, Lieutenant, 222; Major, 243 Gottenburg, 166 Gozo, 155 Graham, Andrew, private, 250 Gratton, Sub-Lieutenant, 195, 196, 200, 202, 216, 231, 241 Gravatt, Lieutenant, 101, 107 Gravesend, 95, 114 Gray, sergeant-major, 132 Green Island, 196 Green, Sir William, 2, 4, 72 Greenhill, corporal, 300, 301 Gregory, Lieutenant, 269 Greig, John, private, 364 Grenada, 82 Grewer, Thomas, private, 195 Grey, Captain, 310–321, 328–340 Grierson, Captain, 285, 288 Grigor, sergeant, 19 Guadeloupe, 92–93, 175, 227 Guernsey, 65, 73, 132, 157, 184, 248 Hague, Thomas, private, 36 ——, Samuel, private, 107 Haig, sergeant-major, 98, 132 Halifax, N.S., 104, 127, 132, 157, 167, 169, 184, 227, 279, 291, 292 Hall, Benjamin, private, 176 ——, John, sergeant, 259 Hambly, Roger, private, 104 Hamilton, Dougal, private, 104 ——, Lieutenant, 99 Hanover, 152 Harding, G. J., Lieutenant, 162; Captain, 177, 239 Hardinge, Sir Henry, 275, 286 Hare, Joseph, sergeant, 277 Harnett, corporal, 483 Harper, Captain, 258 Harrenden, Thomas, 21 Harris, Joseph, sergeant, 284 ——, David, the diver, 350, 351, 353, 358–361, 373–377, 393, 396, 419, 421, 434, 440, 441 ——, John A., private, 442 Harrison, John, corporal, 21 Harry, William, private, 192 Hawkins, Charles, corporal, 444 Hay, Lieutenant, 21; Captain, 102; Colonel, 123 ——, corporal, 211 ——, Lord John, 354 Hayter, Captain, 157 ——, Lieutenant, 252 Hearnden, sergeant, 357, 388, 390, 391, 413, 414, 434, 446 Hearts o' pipe-clay, 69 Hegarty, James, 360, 361 Hemming, sergeant, 362, 431, 433 Henderson, Captain, 207, 291, 293, 301, 308, 323, 362, 431 ——, E. Y. W., Lieutenant, 465 Herkes, John, private, 283 Hewitt, James, E. I. C. Sappers, 394, 396 Hibling, corporal, 426 Hicks, James, private, 204 Hill, Lord, 289, 292, 308 Hilton, James, quartermaster, 152, 234, 296, 445 Hobbs, Lieutenant, 169, 175; Captain, 175 Hoey, sergeant-major, 90, 132 Hogan, Patrick S., 445, 476 Holland, 83, 85, 88, 94, 123, 216–222, 228–231 ——, Charles, 445, 476 Holloway, Captain, 77, 95, 112, 117, 180, 192; Major, 121, 128, 132; Sir Charles, 143, 157 ——, Colonel, 254 Hong Kong, see “China” Hopkins, John, corporal, 293, 343; clerk of works, 295 Horn, George, 94, 95 Horses in France, &c., care of by the sappers, 239 Howatson, private, 387 Howell, Thomas, private, 86 Howorth, Captain, 444, 458 Hudson’s Bay, 460–464 Hughes, Thomas, private, 177 Humfrey, Captain, 132, 157 Hunter, Robert, sergeant, 227 Hurricane at Barbadoes, 283 Hurst Castle, 96, 167 Hutchinson, Lieutenant G. R., 362, 372, 392, 415, 419 ——, corporal Robert, 117 Hutton, William, corporal, 111 Hythe, 164, 177, 185, 327 Ince, Henry, sergeant, 5; sergeant-major, 14–16, 18, 25, 30–32 Inglis, John, private, 147 Inspections, 221, 249, 255, 256, 274, 289, 292, 308, 324, 343, 368, 428, 435, 442, 446, 470 Ionian Islands, 171, 185 Ireland, Joseph, private, 359, 360 Irun, 205 Irvine, Alexander, private, 457 Ischia, 171 Isle of Wight, 167, 177 Italy, 216, 222, 227 Itzassu, bridge over the Nive at, 211 Jackson, Thomas, sergeant, 19, 26 Jaffa, 128, 132, 133 Jago, James, private, 373, 393, 396 ——, William, 295 James, Thomas, corporal, 247 Jamieson, Alexander, corporal, 207 Jebb, Captain, 283, 309 Jenkin, Lieutenant, 426 Jersey, 65, 73, 132, 149, 157, 184 Jervois, Lieutenant, 484 Jesse, Lieutenant, 483 Jews' wish, 71 Johnson, Lieutenant, 13, 21; Captain, 95 ——, John, Ensign, 85 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 202, 226, 231, 235, 241 Johnston, Colonel, 157, 175, 248 Jones, Harry D., Lieutenant, 181, 194; Captain, 205, 226, 240, 246, 247 ——, Jenkin, sergeant-major, 152, 266, 325–327, 348–353, 372, 399, 416 ——, Rice, Captain, 189; Brigade-Major, 210; Lieutenant-Colonel, 282 Jones, Richard P., 359, 373–377, 393–398, 419–423, 436–439 ——, Sir John Thomas, 161, 173, 382 Junk-ship night, 42 Kaffir war, 254, 293, 454–459, 484 Keane, Lieutenant the Hon. H. F., 460 Kenmure, Viscount, 256 Kennett, Captain, 153 Kent, Duke of, 32, 42, 104, 138 Kerr, James, corporal, 91 ——, Ninian, corporal, 127 Kerstiman, Lieutenant, 50 Keville, Edward, corporal, 407 Kinnaird, Hugh, corporal, 117 Knapp, Sub-Lieutenant, 231 Koehler, Brigadier-General, 121, 128 Labourers, 45, 66, 106 La Caille’s arc of the meridian, 362, 431–433 Lacy, Captain, 122, 128, 134 Landmann, Captain, 157, 165 Lanyon, Hugh, 309, 310, 402, 425 Laredo, fort of, 211 Lawford, James, private, 148 Lawson, Lieutenant, 93 ——, Andrew, 259 Lefance, Captain, 4 Lefebure, Lieutenant, 107, 108; Captain, 152, 154; Major, 176 Leghorn, 222 Letts, Thomas, private, 172 Levick, sergeant, 117 Lewis, G. G., Captain, 203; Colonel, 484 Lewisham, 173 Lewsey, private, 122, 134 Liddle, William, private, 18 Lindsay, Andrew, private, 94 ——, George, sergeant, 423, 435, 440 Lisle, Peter, _alias_ Mourad Reis, 19 Lomas, Edward, private, 220 London, Tower of, 77 Logan, Henry, corporal, 204 Lonergan, corporal, 452 Longitudes, 257, 424 Lough Foyle Base, 273 Low Countries. See “Holland” Lucca, 222 Lushington, Lieutenant, 310–321 Luttrell, Captain, 13, 28 Macauley, Captain, 278 Maclean, Major-General, 343 Mackelcan, Colonel, 132, 157 Mackenzie, Sub-Lieutenant, 158, 199 ——, Richard, sergeant, 209 Maclear, Mr., Astronomer-Royal, 362, 431 Macleod, Lieutenant, 154 Macpherson, Thomas R., 462, 463 McAlpine, private, 373 McArthur, John, sergeant, 132 McBeath, corporal, 111 McCarthy, James, private, 210 McDonald, Archibald, private, 299 ——, Dr., 293 ——, Edward, sergeant, 5, 18 ——, Findlay, corporal, 204 ——, John, private, 103 McFadden, John, private, 424, 425 McFarlane, Donald, private, 438 McGregor, William, corporal, 347 McGuckin, sergeant, 450 McKay, James, private, 219; quartermaster-sergeant, 345 ——, John, sergeant, 180 McKeer, John, private, 219 McKerlie, Captain, 480 McKerras, Lieutenant, 21; Captain, 103, 110; Major, 136 McKnight, John, private, 214 McLaughlin, Hugh, 104 McLaren, James, sergeant, 283 McLean, Sub-Lieutenant, 237, 241 McLeod, Alexander M., sergeant, 484 McNaughton, John, 36 McQueen, John, corporal, 347, 357, 378 Madeira, 164, 185 Madrid, 194 Maerk, bridge over the, 217 Mahomed Sidi, Sultan of Morocco, 6 Mahmoud II., 304 Maida, 154 Maine, expedition to State of, 224 ——, disputed territory in the State of. See “America” Makin, sergeant-major, 20, 132 Malta, 127, 155 Maltese military artificers, 155, 170, 171, 227, 228; sappers, 243 Manchester, Duke of, speech against formation of corps, 61 Mann Gother, Captain, 83, 95 March, Samuel, sergeant, 373 Markey, Nicholas, 294 Marques, Antonio, 35 Marseilles, 228 Martinique, 91, 169, 227 Matson, Lieutenant, 195, 200, 201, 203; Captain, 283; Major, 371 Maule, Captain (Lord Panmure), 276 Mauritius, 287, 291–293, 362 Maxwell, Joseph, private, 409 Mayhead, Abraham, 92 Mealey, John, corporal, 459 Melhuish, Lieutenant, 180; Captain, 276 Melville, Ninian, sergeant, 213 Mercer, Colonel, 73; Major-General, 112, 132 ——, Cavalie, Captain, 255 Mercury, brig, wreck of the, 46 Messina, 152, 162, 170, 222 Meyers, Joseph, 358 Michael, Grand Duke, 428 Milan, 228 Milburn, Thomas, sergeant, 218 Millar, John, private, 172 ——, Jonathan, private, 204 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 215, 216 Miller, sergeant, 190 ——, Robert, corporal, 192 Militia-men, 151 Milman, Samuel, private, 127 Milne, Alexander, private, 250 ——, Peter, private, 204 Minorca, 119, 132 Missouri, steamer, burning of, 427 Mitchell, George, private, 145; sergeant, 169 ——, Henry, corporal, 326 Models, 9, 35–38, 254 Moffatt, William, private, 370 Moggeridge, Lieutenant, 442 Moir, James, sergeant, 111 Moncrief, Colonel, 65, 73, 78, 83, 86 Montebello, Marquis Di, daughter of, 68 Montgomery, Walter, 47 Montmartre, domiciliary visit to, 240 Monument to Wolfe, 272 Moody, Governor, 388–391, 412–415, 434, 446 ——, H. C. B., Captain, 461, 463 Moore, John, corporal, 364 Morocco, Sultan of, 7 Morris, James, private, 204 ——, John, sergeant, 93 Morrison, John, corporal, 21 Morse, Colonel, 65, 73 Morshead, Captain, 164 Mortality, 82, 93, 103, 109, 118, 119, 127, 133, 146, 173, 199, 255, 256, 279, 292, 367, 426 Morton, David, private, 94 Motto of corps, 292 Mudge, Colonel, 347 Muir, Andrew, corporal, 284 Mulcaster, F. G., Colonel, 65, 73 ——, F. W., Lieutenant, 105; Sir Frederick, 292 Mulligan, sergeant, 448, 454 Munro, Hugh, 295 ——, James, private, 219 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 185 Murphy, John, private, 442 ——, Lieutenant, 298 Mustard, Robert, private, 311, 313, 314, 319, 320, 328 Mutinies, 110, 112, 114, 138 Mutiny Act, corps first included in the, 61 Myers, Samuel, private, 87 Nancarrow, John, private, 119 Napier, James, private, 201 Naples, 152, 171, 227 Natal, 384–388 Needham, Samuel, private, 213 Negroes, enlistment of, 110 Nepean, Captain, 87; Lieutenant-Colonel, 132 Netherlands. See “Holland” ——, engineer establishment in the, 236, 237, 239 New Brunswick, 185 Newell, Robert, corporal, 20 Newfoundland, 163, 166, 174, 184 New Holland, 310–321, 328–340 Newman, George, corporal, 407 New Orleans, 223 New Zealand, 480 Niblock, corporal, 204 Nicolay, Sir William, 293 Nicolls, Captain, 224 Nieuport, 86 Niger expedition, 368, 371, 403 Nive, 206, 207 Nivelle, 206 Northfleet, 114, 177 North Pole expedition, 481–483 Nova Scotia. See “Halifax.” Nowlan, John, private, 206 O’Connell, Daniel, M.P., 472 O’Hara, General, 36, 50 O’Kean, Patrick, private, 250 Oldfield, Lieutenant, 99, 166; Captain, 221, 229; Major, 235, 250; Colonel, 402 Olivenza, 178 Oporto, 170 Origin of corps, 1 Orthes, 213 Ostend, 118 Oswego, 222 Owen, Lieutenant, 457, 458 Page, Lieutenant, 283 Painter, William, corporal, 184 Palermo, 222, 228 Palmer, sergeant-major, 132 Pampeluna, 201 Parsons, Adam, private, 28 ——, Joseph, private, 33 Pasley, Major, 187, 188; Lieut.-colonel, 255, 261, 264, 266; Colonel, 303, 325, 348–353, 358–362, 372, 380; Major-General, 392, 419–424, 435 Patterson, John, private, 47 ——, John, private, 457 ——, Philip, private, 122 Patton, Captain, 179 Paul, Thomas, 167 Pay, regimental, 3, 64, 113, 156, 157, 228 ——, working, 3, 64, 159, 267, 345, 356 Payne, Captain, 227 Pembroke, 480 Pendennis Castle, 288, 290 Penhorwood, private, 204 Penman, William, private, 393, 398 Penton, Robert, private, 424, 425, 462–464 Perdita, removal of, by divers, 393 Perexil, 167 Peronne, 237 Philipville, 239 Phillpotts, Lieutenant, 199, 222; Major, 324; Colonel, 480 Phipps, John, Captain, 4; Colonel, 65, 161 Phipps, W. G., Lieutenant, 72 Picurina, fort, 192 Pilkington, Lieutenant-Colonel, 173; Major-General, 290 Piper, Lieutenant, 205 Pipon, Lieutenant, 355, 415; Captain, 449, 450, 465 Pisa, 222 Pitts, Captain, 206 Plattsburg, 222 Plymouth, 65, 73, 132, 157, 184, 254, 258, 272, 289 ——, riot at, 73–76 Pollock, David, sergeant, 135 Pontoneers, sappers recognized as, 231 Pontoon train, 236, 237 Pontoons, 261, 266, 278, 289, 303, 343, 416, 418 Porchester, Lord, speech of, against formation of corps, 62 Porto Rico, 107 Portsmouth, 65, 73, 99, 132, 157, 184, 254, 290, 292, 484 Powis, sergeant, 203 Power, Patrick, corporal, 214 Pratts, Simon, 28 Precedence of corps, 65 Pringle, Captain, 50 Privileges of corps, 50 Procida, 171 Prussian tactics, 78 Puntal, fort of, 211 Puntales, 176 Purcell, John, sergeant, 230 Purfleet, 291 Pyrenees, 201, 205 Quebec, 272, 275, 291, 292 Queue, the, 167 Rabling, private, 370 Rae, John, corporal, 373, 377, 393, 398, 415, 420, 424, 440, 459 Rawdon, Lord, 63 Read, sergeant-major, 353, 360 Reductions, 228, 243, 247, 253, 287, 290, 306, 356, 382, 403 Reed, John, sergeant, 287, 288 Reid, Lieutenant, 194; Captain, 243; Major, 264, 265, 284; Lieutenant-Colonel, 441 ——, William, private, 350, 353 Reis, Mourad (Peter Lisle), 19 Relief works, Ireland, 471–476 Repeal, 425 Reynolds, William, private, 293, 362 Richardson, Sir John, 481–483 ——, William, corporal, 304, 390 Richmond, Duke of, 20, 55–63, 67 Richmond, John, sergeant, 6, 28 ——, Thomas, Lieutenant, 33–36 Rideau canal, 272, 285–287 Riot at Plymouth, 73–76 Ritchley, William, corporal, 293 Roberts, Benjamin, corporal, 117 ——, Evan, private, 120, 127; sergeant, 162, 170 ——, Lieutenant, 324, 402 Robinson, Lieutenant, 323, 343; Captain, 415, 449, 451; Major, 465, 466 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 171 ——, William, corporal, 109 Rock, Daniel, 295, 448 Rocroy, 239 Rogers, Lieutenant, 248 ——, William, private, 109 ——, William, sergeant, 179 Roliça, 166 Roncesvalles, stockades at, 201 Rooney, corporal, 192 Ross, Lieutenant, 85; Captain, 163, 178 ——, John, sergeant, 326 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 231 Round Down cliff at Dover, 415 Rowley, Lieutenant, 98; Major, 161 Royal Engineers to command the corps, 3, 65 —— George, 348–353, 358–362, 372–378, 392–399, 419–424, 435–440 —— Military Artificers, formation of, 58–63, 64 —— staff corps, 124, 327 Rutherford, Lieutenant, 255 St. Domingo, 101, 103, 110, 119 — Helena, 242, 254, 257 — Julian, 180 — Lucia, 92, 102, 142, 248, 255 — Marcou, 104, 133 Salamanca, 194 Sanders, C. K., Lieutenant, 232 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 221, 231 Sandham, Captain, 309, 348, 371 Sandhurst, 279, 309, 343, 357, 379 San Sebastian, 202–205, 303 Santa Maura, 177 Santona, 210 Sappers recognized as pontoneers, 231 Sapping and mining, instructions in, 187 Sargent, William, 295 Savage, Captain, 272; Colonel, 463 Savona, 222 Scoble, James, private, 250 Schools, 221, 245 Scrafield, Henry, corporal, 223 Scylla castle, 154 Second-corporals introduced, 158 Seine, bridges over the, 238 Serrada bridge, 194 Servants, 173 Sevenoaks, 121 Seville, 195 Shambrook, Charles, private, 284 Sharp, Adam, private, 28 Sheerness, 261, 444 Shepherd, Robert, 28 ——, George, sergeant, 442 Sheridan, Mr., 58–59, 63 Sherriff, sergeant, 46 Shetland islands, 483 Shipley, Major, 107; Colonel, 132, 142, 144; Brigadier-General, 169 Shipwrecks, 46, 76, 209, 269, 288, 299 Shirres, sergeant-major, 35, 120, 132, 139 Shornmead, 96 Shorter, quartermaster-sergeant, 261 Shot and shell boys, 33–36 Sicily, 154, 162, 167, 185 Sierra Leone, 267 Sim, sergeant, 274, 297, 298 Simpson, William, private, 91 Sinclair, David, private, 108 ——, Sir John, 189 Sirrige, Hugh, corporal, 20 Sirrell, Thomas, corporal, 270 Skelton, John, private, 351–353; corporal, 359, 373, 375–377, 440 Skene, Lieutenant, 256 Skinner, Ensign, 6; Lieutenant, 13, 50 Lieutenant-colonel, 157 ——, W. C., Captain, 50 Slieve-snacht, 268 Smart, Lieutenant, 50 ——, John, private, 94 Smith, Alexander, private, 269 ——, Captain C. F., 181; Sir Charles F., 244, 363 ——, Captain J. C., 153 ——, Captain W. D., 222, 255, 256 ——, Edward, sergeant, 86 ——, Frederick, Mr., 328, 331, 335, 339 ——, Hugh, corporal, 365, 479 ——, James, sergeant, 19 ——, James, sergeant-major, 132 ——, James, private, 479 ——, John, sergeant-major, 171 ——, John, corporal, 260; sergeant, 276, 277 ——, Joseph, sergeant, 445 ——, Sir Frederic, 441 ——, Thomas, private, 398, 415 Smyth, J. C., Captain, 166; Colonel, 234, 235, 236; Sir James, 245, 248, 249, 274 ——, Captain R. N., 19 Southampton, 94, 391, 411, 470, 476 Spain, 302, 306–308, 321–323, 341, 354 Spalding, Robert, 407 Sparks, Sub-Lieutenant, 231 Spence, sergeant-major, 68, 132 Spencer, B. Keen, corporal, 425 Spike island, 143, 157, 184, 248 Spry, Colonel, 65, 73 ——, William, 294, 304 Squire, Captain, 162, 166, 171, 178 Stack, William, corporal, 192 Staff corps. See “Royal Staff Corps” Stanway, Lieutenant, 178, 192; Captain, 205; Major, 281, 283 Stapleton, Lieutenant, 60th rifles, 32 State, assistance to the, 117 Stephens, Thomas, corporal, 173; sergeant, 213 Stephenson, Sub-Lieutenant, 199 Stephens, Sub-Lieutenant, 218, 241 Stewart, Alexander, private, 94 ——, Lieutenant, 103 Sticklen, private, E. I. Co., 438 Stokes, Lieutenant, 455, 457, 484 Storie, John, private, 181 Stratton, Sub-Lieutenant, 202, 206, 207, 213, 216, 231, 237 Streatfeild, Captain, 259 Sub-Lieutenants, 158, 160, 185, 228, 247 Sullivan, private, E. I. Co., 442 Surinam, 119, 144 Survey, 264–265, 265–266, 273, 291, 293, 301, 308, 323, 342, 343, 344, 348, 355, 362, 403–411, 415, 445, 447, 465–469, 476, 480 Sutherland, Captain, 83 Symon, Charles, private, 359 Symonds, Lieutenant, 349, 350, 353, 358, 361, 364, 365 Syria, 363–368 Tabb, corporal, 28 Talavera, 170 Tarifa, 177, 181 Tarragona, 181, 193, 196 Tay steamer at Bermuda, 440 Taylor, Hugh, sergeant, 103 ——, Thomas, private, 128 Teaff, Stephen, private, 204 Thackeray, Major, 196 Thomas, George, private, 169 ——, Lady, 338 Tholen, 217 Thompson, Alexander, Captain, 238 ——, James, 272 ——, W., Corporal, 393, 398 Thomson, Daniel, 47 ——, R., Lieutenant, 169; Captain, 216, 221 Tibbs, Richard, private, 386, 387 Tides, observation of the, 391 Tilbury Fort, 96, 114 “Times, The,” testimony to the corps of, 481 Tobago, 143, 255 Torres Vedras, 175, 178 Toro, 201; bridge of, 201 Torrince, Robert, private, 92 Tournai, 222 Toulon, 86, 93 Toulouse, 213 Tower of London, 77, 283-285 Townshend, Lieutenant and Adjutant, 275 Transfers from the Line, 151 —— to the Artillery, 105 Trevail, Philip, private, 421, 438 Trevethick, William, private, 82 Trinidad, 107, 255 Tucker, Captain, 445 Turkey, 121-123, 128, 133-138, 303 Turner, Samuel, private, 379, 414 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 195, 196, 201, 202, 204, 231, 232 Tuscany, 222 Twiss, Major-General, 149 Tylden, Major, 236, 244 Ustaritz, 206 Valenciennes, 83, 243, 246 Valentia, longitude of, 424 Vance, John, private, 457 Vera, 206 Vetch, Captain, 460 Vicars, Lieutenant, 265, 302, 306, 307, 322, 323, 354 Victor, Captain, 272, 286 Victoria, Her Majesty the Queen, 470 Vimiera, 166 Vincent, George, corporal, 476 Vittoria, 201 Vivian, Sir Hussey, 294, 308 Waddell, David, private, 122, 134 Wagg, Thomas, private, 92 Wakeham, Robert, sergeant, 111 Walcheren, 171 Wall, John, 481 Wallace, John, private, 141 ——, Sub-Lieutenant, 191, 193, 196, 200, 202, 213, 216, 242 Walpole, Captain, 484 Walsh, Peter, private, 204 Ward, Captain, 91st regiment, 458 War of the Revolution, 81 Warren, John, private, 257 Washington, 233 Waterdown camp, 84 Waterproof composition, 349 Waterloo, 232-236 Watson, Edward, sergeant, 117, 121, 123, 128, 132, 135 ——, John, 77 Watts, corporal, 413 Webb, Lieutenant, 403; Captain, 483 Webster, Anthony, private, 171 Weir, James, private, 148 Welbank, Captain, 399 Wells, Captain, 210 ——, corporal, 111 West, Edward, private, 473 —— Indies. See different stations —— ——, companies formed for service in, 88 West, John, sergeant, 404 ——, Lieutenant, 206 Westo, John, private, 119 Whitaker, Samuel, private, 28 White, James, corporal, 267 ——, Captain, royal staff corps, 278 Whitmore, Captain, 149; Lieutenant-Colonel, 256 ——, George, Lieutenant, 260 Wild, Thomas, private, 172 Wilson, John, private, 86 ——, Sir Robert, 427, 435, 446, 470 ——, William, corporal, 175 “Williams” brig, 325 ——, John, Lieutenant, 285 ——, John, private, 373, 378, 393, 397 ——, M., Captain, 348, 349 Williamson, Alexander, private, 94 Winchelsea, 480 Windham’s Act, 156 Windsor, 445, 459 ——, George, private, 472 Winter, George, private, 107 Wolfe, monument to, 272 Women, proportion permitted to embark with their husbands, 45 Wood, John, 294, 442 Woodhead, sergeant, 20, 123 Woolwich, 65, 73, 99, 112, 114, 132, 149, 157, 184, 248, 254, 291, 292 Wright, P., Lieutenant, 178, 193, 201 Wynne, Captain, 471 Yarmouth, 96 Yates, private, 415 Yecla bridge, 194 Yezeed Mulai, Sultan of Morocco, 6 Yolland, Captain, 476 Yorke, Lieutenant, 392 Young, David, sergeant, 5, 18 ——, James, sergeant, 326, 385-388 ——, John, corporal, 117 ——, sergeant, 276 ——, William, quartermaster, 266 Ypres, 228, 230 Yule, Captain, 325 Yusuf Sidi, Bashaw of Tripoli, 19 Zamoro, 201 Zante, 171 Zetland, 483 END OF VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET. Footnotes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Transcriber’s Note Hyphens appearing in compound words on a line or page break are retained or removed based on the preponderance of instances of the word elsewhere in the text. On occasion, tabular data which spanned pages repeated some headings. These repetitive lines are moot in this format, and have been removed. On p. 231, the footnote number, now n222, was missing from the note, and has been restored. There is a minor inconsistency in placing a space before the abbreviation ‘lbs.’ In the several places that the space lacking, one has been added. The list of Illustrations and the text refer to Plates XVI. and XVII., which will appear in the 2nd volume of this work. Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The corrections below refer to page and line in the original printed text. The prefix ‘n’ refers to the note number as it is numbered in this text. 4.17 artificers were, with few exceptions[,] Added. dismissed; 43.3 Recruiting[,] reinforcements Removed. 135.22 on board the ‘Ajax’[:/,] Replaced. 137.19 in the [dgerms] which contained the field a large equipment high-pooped Nile boat 159.3 reached the sum of 45,500_l_[,/.] Replaced. 179.10 present at the second s[ei/ie]ge of that Transposed. fortress n203.1 Jones’s ‘Sieges,[’] ii., p. 107, 2nd edit. Added. 215.13 commanding them in divi[vis/si]ons Replaced. 227.14 on his way from Sandwich to Michili[ Replaced. M/m]achinac 235.1 to recommend the officers [u/a]nd men Replaced. 247.38 embraced th[e] abolition of the rank Restored. n274.1 ‘Graham’s Town Journal,[’] Added. n284.14 He became forema[d/n] of works in November, Replaced 1844 303.28 the summer of every year had been [past] _sic_ 308.7 would have thrown th[o/e]m wholly into the Replaced. hands 332.27 sixty lbs. of tolerably good flour.[”] Added. 337.32 a piece of torn and shred[d]ed blanket Inserted. 369.34 to allow two persons to pass each other[.] Added. 372.29 and the detachment retur[n]ed again to Inserted. Chatham. 397.31 b[l]ood was flowing profusely Inserted. 402.22 could they have done so.[”] Added. 445.12 So exquisit[i]ely was the work performed Removed. n484.1 ‘Practical Operations for a Siege[”/’] Replaced. 467.14 checking the same simultaneo[n/u]sly Replaced. n504.1 Debates in the ‘Times,’ March 6, 1[48/84]7 Transposed. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE ROYAL SAPPERS AND MINERS, VOLUME 1 (OF 2) *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.